Environmental and Pollution Science (Hardcover, 2)

Table of Contents

Preface

The Editors

Contributing Authors

The Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science (SWES)

Part 1 Processes Affecting Fate and Transport of Contaminants

Chapter 1 The Extent of Global Pollution

1.1 Science and Pollution

1.2 Global Perspective of the Environment

1.3 Pollution and Population Pressures

1.4 Overview of Environmental Characterization

1.5 Advances in Analytical Detection Technology

1.6 The Risk Based Approach to Pollution Science

1.7 Waste Management, Site Remediation, and Ecosystem Restoration

References and Additional Reading

Chapter 2 Physical-Chemical Characteristics of Soils and the Subsurface

2.1 Soil and Subsurface Environments

2.2 Solid Phase

2.3 Gaseous Phase

2.4 Liquid Phase

2.5 Basic Physical Properties

Questions and Problems

References and Additional Reading

Chapter 3 Physical-Chemical Characteristics of Waters

3.1 The Watery Planet

3.2 Unique Properties of Water

3.3 Mechanical Properties

3.4 The Universal Solvent

3.5 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

3.6 Light in Aquatic Environments

3.7 Oceans

3.8 Lakes and Reservoirs?The Lentic System

3.9 Streams and Rivers?The Lotic System

3.10 Groundwater?Water in the Subsurface

3.11 A Watershed Approach

Questions and Problems

References and Additional Reading

Chapter 4 Physical-Chemical Characteristics of the Atmosphere

4.1 Chemical Composition

4.2 Physical Properties and Structure

Questions and Problems

References and Additional Reading

Chapter 5 Biotic Characteristics of the Environment

5.1 Major Groups of Organisms

5.2 Microorganisms in Surface Soils

5.3 Microorganisms in the Subsurface

5.4 Biological Generation of Energy

5.5 Soil as an Environment for Microbes

5.6 Activity and Physiological State of Microbes in Soil

5.7 Enumeration of Soil Bacteria via Dilution and Plating

5.8 Microorganisms in Air

5.9 Microorganisms in Surface Water

References and Additional Reading

Chapter 6 Physical Processes Affecting Contaminant Transport and Fate

6.1 Contaminant Transport and Fate in the Environment

6.2 Contaminant Properties

6.3 Advection

6.4 Dispersion

6.5 Mass Transfer

6.6 Transformation Reactions

6.7 Characterizing Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Contaminants

6.8 Estimating Phase Distributions of Contaminants

6.9 Quantifying Contaminant Transport and Fate

Questions and Problems

References and Additional Reading

Chapter 7 Chemical Processes Affecting Contaminant Transport and Fate

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Basic Properties of Inorganic Contaminants

7.3 Basic Properties of Organic Contaminants

7.4 Sorption Processes

7.5 Abiotic Transformation Reactions

Questions and Problems

References and Additional Reading

Chapter 8 Biological Processes Affecting Contaminant Transport and Fate

8.1 Biological Effects on Pollutants

8.2 The Overall Process of Biodegradation

8.3 Microbial Activity and Biodegradation

8.4 Biodegradation Pathways

8.5 Transformation of Metal Pollutants

Questions and Problems

References and Additional Reading

Part 2 Monitoring, Assessment, and Regulation of Environmental Pollution

Chapter 9 Physical Contaminants

9.1 Particle Origins

9.2 Particle Size

9.3 Particles in Air or Aerosols

9.4 Particulates in Water

9.5 Summary

Questions and Problems

References and Additional Reading

Chapter 10 Chemical Contaminants

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Types of Contaminants

10.3 Sources: Agricultural Activities

10.4 Sources: Industrial and Manufacturing Activities

10.5 Sources: Municipal Waste

10.6 Sources: Service-Related Activities

10.7 Sources: Resource Extraction/Production

10.8 Sources: Radioactive Contaminants

10.9 Natural Sources of Contaminants

Questions and Problems

References and Additional Reading

Chapter 11 Microbial Contaminants

11.1 Water-Related Microbial Disease

11.2 Classes of Diseases and Types of Pathogens

11.3 Types of Pathogenic Organisms

11.4 Sources of Pathogens in the Environment

11.5 Fate and Transport of Pathogens in the Environment

11.6 Standards and Criteria for Indicators

Questions and Problems

References and Additional Reading

Chapter 12

The Role of Environmental Monitoring in Pollution Science

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Sampling and Monitoring Basics

12.3 Statistics and Geostatistics

12.4 Sampling and Monitoring Tools

12.5 Soil and Vadose Zone Sampling and Monitoring

12.6 Groundwater Sampling and Monitoring

12.7 Surface Water Sampling and Monitoring

12.8 Atmosphere Sampling and Monitoring

12.9 Conclusions

Questions and Problems

References and Additional Reading

Chapter 13 Environmental Toxicology

13.1 History of Modern Toxicity in the United States

13.2 Toxic Versus Nontoxic

13.3 Exposure and Dose

13.4 Evaluation of Toxicity

13.5 Responses to Toxic Substances

13.6 Carcinogens

13.7 Mutagens

13.8 Teratogens

13.9 Chemical Toxicity: General Considerations

13.10 Chemical Toxicity: Selected Substances

Questions and Problems

References and Additional Reading

Chapter 14 Risk Assessment

14.1 The Concept of Risk Assessment

14.2 The Process of Risk Assessment

14.3 Ecological Risk Assessment

14.4 Microbial Risk Assessment

Questions and Problems

References and Additional Reading

Chapter 15 Environmental Laws and Regulations

15.1 Regulatory Overview

15.2 The Safe Drinking Water Act

15.3 The Clean Water Act

15.4 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act

15.5 Federal Insecticide and Rodenticide Act

15.6 Clean Air Act

15.7 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

15.8 The Pollution Prevention Act

15.9 Other Regulatory Agencies and Accords

Questions and Problems

References and Additional Reading

Part 3 Land and Water Pollution Mitigation

Chapter 16 Soil and Land Pollution

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Surface Mining

16.2.1 Mine Tailings

16.2.2 Air Emissions

16.3 Deforestation

16.4 Soil Acidity?Salinity

16.5 Soil Erosion

16.6 Agricultural Activities

16.7 Animal Wastes

16.8 Industrial Wastes With High Salts and Organics

16.9 Invasive Species

Questions and Problems

References and Additional Reading

Chapter 17 Subsurface Pollution

17.1 Groundwater as a Resource

17.2 Groundwater Pollution

17.3 Groundwater Pollution Risk Assessment

17.4 Point-Source Contamination

17.4.1 Hazardous Organic Chemicals

17.5 Diffuse-Source Contamination

17.6 Other Groundwater Contamination Problems

17.7 Sustainability of Groundwater Resources

Questions and Problems

References and Additional Reading

Chapter 18 Surface Water Pollution

18.1 Surface Freshwater Resources

18.2 Marine Water Resources

18.3 Sources of Surface Water Pollution

18.4 Sediments as Surface Water Contaminants

18.6 Nutrients and Eutrophication of Surface Waters

18.7 Organic Compounds in Water

18.8 Enteric Pathogens as Surface Water Contaminants

18.9 Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs)

18.10 Quantification of Surface Water Pollution

18.11 Determining BOD

18.12 Dilution of Effluents

18.13 Dye Tracing of Plumes

18.14 Spatial and Temporal Variation of Plume Concentrations

18.15 Compliance Monitoring

Questions and Problems

References and Additional Reading

Chapter 19 Soil and Groundwater Remediation

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Superfund Process

19.3 Site Characterization

19.4 Remediation Technologies

Questions and Problems

References and Additional Reading

Chapter 20 Ecosystem Restoration and Land Reclamation

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Site Characterization

20.3 Site Restoration

20.4 Site Monitoring

20.5 Approaches to Ecosystem Restoration

20.6 Land Reclamation

Questions and Problems

References and Additional Reading

Part 4 Atmospheric Pollution

Chapter 21 Sensory Pollutants, Electromagnetic Fields and Radiofrequency Radiation

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Heat

21.3 Light

21.4 Noise Pollution

21.5 Odor as a Sensory Pollutant

21.6 Electromagnetic Fields and Radiofrequency Radiation

Questions and Problems

References and Additional Reading

Chapter 22 Indoor Air Quality

22.1 Fundamentals of Indoor Air Quality

22.2 Sources of Indoor Air Pollutants

22.3 Factors Influencing Exposure to Indoor Air Pollution

22.4 Monitoring IAQ

Questions and Problems

References and Additional Reading

Chapter 23 Atmospheric Pollution

23.1 Air Pollution Concepts

23.2 Sources, Types, and Effects of Air Pollution

23.3 Weather and Pollutants

23.4 Pollution Trends in the United States

Questions and Problems

References and Additional Reading

Chapter 24 Global Change

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect

24.3 Other Global Changes

24.4 Solutions to the Problems of Global Environmental Change

Questions and Problems

References and Additional Reading

Part 5 Waste and Water Treatment and Management

Chapter 25 Industrial and Municipal Solid Waste Treatment and Disposal

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Relevant Regulations for Industrial and Municipal Solid Wastes

25.3 Major Forms of Industrial Wastes

25.4 Treatment and Disposal of Industrial Wastes

25.5 Reuse of Industrial Wastes

25.6 Treatment and Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste

25.7 Pollution Prevention

Questions and Problems

References and Additional Reading

Chapter 26 Municipal Wastewater Treatment

26.1 The Nature of Wastewater (Sewage)

26.2 Modern Wastewater Treatment

26.3 Oxidation Ponds

26.4 Septic Tanks

26.5 Land Application of Wastewater

26.6 Wetlands and Aquaculture Systems

26.7 Sludge Processing

Questions and Problems

References and Additional Reading

Chapter 27 Land Application of Biosolids and Animal Wastes

27.1 Biosolids and Animal Wastes: A Historical Perspective and Current Outlook

27.2 The Nature of Wastewater (Sewage)

27.3 Wastewater (Sewage) Treatment

27.4 Methods of Land Application of Biosolids

27.5 Benefits of Land Application of Biosolids

27.6 Hazards of Land Application of Biosolids

27.7 Sources of Animal Wastes

27.8 Nonpoint Versus Point Source Pollution

27.9 Benefits of Land Application of Animal Wastes

27.10 Hazards of Land Application of Animal Wastes

27.11 Public Perceptions of Land Application

Questions and Problems

References and Additional Reading

Chapter 28 Drinking Water Treatment and Water Security

28.1 Water Treatment Processes

28.2 Disinfection

28.3 Factors Affecting Disinfectants

28.4 Halogens

28.5 Disinfection By-Products

28.6 Residential Water Treatment

28.7 Water Security

28.8 Monitoring Community Water Quality

Questions and Problems

References and Additional Reading

Part 6 Emerging Issues in Pollution Science

Chapter 29 Genetically Engineered Crops and Microbes

29.1 Introduction to Nucleic Acids

29.2 Recombinant DNA Technology

29.3 Transfer of Nucleic Acid Sequences from One Organism to Another (Cloning)

29.4 Chemical Synthesis, Sequencing and Amplification of DNA

29.5 Heterologous Gene Expression in Pro- and Eukaryotes

29.6 Genetically Engineered Plants for Agriculture

29.7 Genetically Engineered Plants for Remediation

29.8 Microbial-Assisted Remediation

29.9 Potential Problems Due to Genetically Modified Organisms

29.10 Summary

Questions and Problems

References and Additional Reading

Chapter 30 Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Gene Transfer

30.1 Why Are Antibiotics An Issue?

30.2 Classification and Function of Antibiotics

30.3 Development of Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance

30.4 Transfer of Genetic Material by Horizontal Gene Transfer

30.5 Prevalent Environments Favoring HGT

30.6 Isolation and Detection of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria

30.7 Incidence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Various Environments

30.8 Gene Transfer Between Bacteria?How Prelevants It?

30.9 Summary and Conclusions

Questions and Problems

References and Additional Reading

Chapter 31 Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disruptors

31.1 Endocrine Disruptors and Hormones

31.2 Significance of EDCs in Water

31.3 Incidence of EDCs in Water

31.4 Fate and Transport of Estrogenic Compounds in Municipal Wastewater

31.5 Methods for Measuring Estrogenic Activity in Water

31.6 What are the Risk of EDCs?

Questions and Problems

References and Additional Reading

Chapter 32 Epilogue: Is the Future of Pollution History?

32.1 The Role of Government in Controlling Pollution

32.2 Research Priorities Necessary to Protect Human Health

32.3 Pollution Prevention of Earth, Air, and Water

32.4 Is the Future of Pollution History?

References and Additional Reading

Index