Essential Biochemistry (Hardcover, 3, Revised)

PART ONE FOUNDATIONS 1 THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE 1 1-1 What is Biochemistry? 2 1-2 Biological Molecules 3 1-3 Energy and Metabolism 10 1-4 The Origin and Evolution of Life 14 2 AQUEOUS CHEMISTRY 24 2-1 Water Molecules form Hydrogen Bonds 252-2 The Hydrophobic Effect 30 2-3 Acid-Base Chemistry 33 2-4 Tools and Techniques: Buffers 41 PART TWO MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 3 FROM GENES TO PROTEINS 51 3-1 DNA Is the Genetic Material 52 3-2 Genes Encode Proteins 61 3-3 Genomics 65 3-4 Tools and Techniques: Manipulating DNA 70 4 PROTEIN STRUCTURE 87 4-1 Proteins Are Chains of Amino Acids 89 4-2 Secondary Structure: The Conformation of the Peptide Group 96 4-3 Tertiary Structure and Protein Stability 99 4-4 Quaternary Structure 107 4-5 Tools and Techniques: Analyzing Protein Structure 108 5 PROTEIN FUNCTION 121 5-1 Myoglobin and Hemoglobin: Oxygen-Binding Proteins 122 5-2 Structural Proteins 133 5-3 Motor Proteins 144 6 HOW ENZYMES WORK 158 6-1 What Is an Enzyme? 159 6-2 The Chemistry of Catalysis 162 6-3 The Unique Properties of Enzyme Catalysts 171 6-4 Some Additional Features of Enzymes 174 7 ENZYME KINETICS AND INHIBITION 188 7-1 Introduction to Enzyme Kinetics 189 7-2 Derivation and Meaning of the Michaelis-Menten Equation 191 7-3 Enzyme Inhibition 200 8 LIPIDS AND MEMBRANES 220 8-1 Lipids 221 8-2 The Lipid Bilayer 227 8-3 Membrane Proteins 230 8-4 The Fluid Mosaic Model 233 9 MEMBRANE TRANSPORT 241 9-1 The Thermodynamics of Membrane Transport 242 9-2 Passive Transport 246 9-3 Active Transport 252 9-4 Membrane Fusion 255 10 SIGNALING 266 10-1 General Features of Signaling Pathways 267 10-2 G Protein Signaling Pathways 271 10-3 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases 277 10-4 Lipid Hormone Signaling 281 11 CARBOHYDRATES 290 11-1 Monosaccharides 291 11-2 Polysaccharides 294 11-3 Glycoproteins 299 PART THREE METABOLISM 12 METABOLISM AND BIOENERGETICS 308 12-1 Food and Fuel 309 12-2 Metabolic Pathways 314 12-3 Free Energy Changes in Metabolic Reactions 323 13 GLUCOSE METABOLISM 338 13-1 Glycolysis 339 13-2 Gluconeogenesis 354 13-3 Glycogen Synthesis and Degradation 357 13-4 The Pentose Phosphate Pathway 361 14 THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE 370 14-1 The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Reaction 371 14-2 The Eight Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle 374 14-3 Anabolic and Catabolic Functions of the Citric Acid Cycle 384 15 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION 394 15-1 The Thermodynamics of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 395 15-2 Mitochondrial Electron Transport 399 15-3 Chemiosmosis 408 15-4 ATP Synthase 410 16 PHOTOSYNTHESIS 420 16-1 Chloroplasts and Solar Energy 422 16-2 The Light Reactions 425 16-3 Carbon Fixation 432 17 LIPID METABOLISM 442 17-1 Fatty Acid Oxidation 445 17-2 Fatty Acid Synthesis 453 17-3 Synthesis of Other Lipids 463 18 NITROGEN METABOLISM 475 18-1 Nitrogen Fixation and Assimilation 476 18-2 Amino Acid Biosynthesis 480 18-3 Nucleotide Biosynthesis 488 18-4 Amino Acid Catabolism 494 18-5 Nitrogen Disposal: The Urea Cycle 498 19 REGULATION OF MAMMALIAN FUEL METABOLISM 509 19-1 Integration of Fuel Metabolism 510 19-2 Hormonal Control of Fuel Metabolism 515 19-3 Disorders of Fuel Metabolism 520 PART FOUR GENETIC INFORMATION 20 DNA REPLICATION AND REPAIR 529 20-1 DNA Supercoiling 530 20-2 The DNA Replication Machinery 533 20-3 Telomeres 540 20-4 DNA Damage and Repair 543 20-5 DNA Packaging 552 21 TRANSCRIPTION AND RNA 561 21-1 Transcription Initiation 563 21-2 RNA Polymerase 571 21-3 RNA Processing 576 22 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 590 22-1 tRNA Aminoacylation 592 22-2 Ribosome Structure 596 22-3 Translation 599 22-4 Post-translational Events 608 GLOSSARY 617 SOLUTIONS 629 ANSWERS TO PRACTICE PROBLEMS PP-1 ANSWERS TO CLINICAL CONNECTION QUESTIONS CC-1 INDEX I-1