Handbook of Heat Transfer (Hardcover, 3, Revised)

Contributors

Preface

Chapter 1-Basic Concepts of Heat Transfer

Heat Transfer Mechanisms

Conduction

Radiation

Convection

Combined Heat Transfer Mechanisms

Conservation Equations

The Equation of Continuity

The Equation of Motion (Momentum Equation)

The Energy Equation

The Conservation Equations for Species

Use of Conservation Equations to Set Up Problems

Dimensionless Groups and Similarity in Heat Transfer

Units and Conversion Factors

Nomenclature

References

Chapter 2-Thermophysical Properties

Conversion Factors

Thermophysical Properties of Gases

Thermophysical Properties of Liquids

Thermophysical Properties of Solids

Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Refrigerants

Acknowledgements

Nomenclature

References

Selected Additional Sources of Thermophysical Properties

Chapter 3-Conduction and Thermal Contact Resistance (Conductances)

Introduction

Basic Equations, Definitions, and Relationships

Shape Factors

Shape Factors for Ellipsoids: Integral Form for Numerical Calculations

Shape Factors for Three-Dimensional Bodies in Unbounded Domains

Three-Dimensional Bodies with Layers: Langmuir Method

Shape Factors for Two-Dimensional Systems

Transient Conduction

Introduction

Internal Transient Conduction

Lumped Capacitance Model

Heisler and Grober Charts--Single-Term Approximations

Multidimensional Systems

Transient One-Dimensional Conduction in Half-Spaces

External Transient Conduction from Long Cylinders

Transient External Conduction from Spheres

Instantaneous Thermal Resistance

Transient External Conduction from Isothermal Convex Bodies

Spreading (Constriction) Resistance

Introduction

Definitions of Spreading Resistance

Spreading Resistance of Isoflux Arbitrary Areas on Half-Space

Circular Annular Contact Areas on Half-Space

Doubly Connected Isoflux Contact Areas on Half-Space

Effect of Contact Conductance on Spreading Resistance

Spreading Resistance in Flux Tubes and Channels

Effect of Flux Distribution on Circular Contact Area on Half-Space

Simple Correlation Equations of Spreading Resistance for Circular Contact Area

Accurate Correlation Equations for Various Combinations of Contact Area, Flux Tubes, and Boundary Condition

General Spreading Resistance Expression for Circular Annular Area on Circular Flux Tube

Spreading Resistance within Two-Dimensional Channels

Effect of Single and Multiple Layers (Coatings) on Spreading Resistance

Circular Contact Area on Single Layer (Coating) on Half-Space

Circular Contact Area on Multiple Layers on Circular Flux Tube

Transient Spreading Resistance

Transient Spreading Resistance of Isoflux Hyperellipse Contact Area on Half-Space

Transient Spreading Resistance of Isoflux regular Polygonal Contact Area on Half-Space

Transient Spreading Resistance Within Semi-Infinite Flux Tubes and Channels

Contact, Gap, and Joint Resistances and Contact Conductances

Point and Line Contact Models

Thermal Contact, Gap, and Joint Conductance Models

Gap Conductance Model and Integral

Acknowledgments

Nomenclature

References

Chapter 4-Natural Convection

Introduction

Basics

Equations of Motion and Their Simplification

Problem Classification

Heat Transfer Correlation Method

External Natural Convection

Flat Plates

Cylinders

Open Cavity Problems

Cooling Channels

Extended Surfaces

Natural Convection within Enclosures

Introduction

Geometry and List of Parameters for Cavities Without Interior Solids

The Conduction Layer Model

Horizontal Rectangular Parallelepiped and Circular Cylinder Cavities

Heat Transfer in Vertical Rectangular Parallelepiped Cavites: zero-ninety degrees

Heat Transfer in Inclined Rectangular Cavities

Heat Transfer in Enclosures with Interior Solids at Prescribed Temperature Transient Natural Convection

External Transient Convection

Internal Transient Convection

Natural Convection with Internal Generation

Internal Problems

Convection in Porous Media

Properties and Dimensionless Groups

External Heat Transfer Correlations

Internal Heat Transfer Correlations

Mixed Convection

External Flows

Internal Flows

Acknowledgments

Nomenclature

References

Chapter 5-Forced Convection, Internal Flow in Ducts

Introduction

Scope of the Chapter

Characteristics of Laminar Flow in Ducts

Characteristics of Turbulent Flow in Ducts

Hydraulic Diameter

Fluid Flow Parameters

Heat Transfer Parameters

Thermal Boundary Conditions

Circular Ducts

Laminar Flow

Turbulent Flow

Transition Flow

Concentric Annular Ducts

Four Fundamental Thermal Boundary Conditions

Laminar Flow

Turbulent Flow

Parallel Plate Ducts

Laminar Flow

Turbulent Flow

Rectangular Ducts

Laminar Flow

Turbulent Flow

Triangular Ducts

Laminar Flow

Turbulent Flow

Elliptical Ducts

Laminar Flow

Turbulent Flow

Curved Ducts and Helicoidal Pipes

Fully Developed Laminar Flow

Developing Laminar Flow

Turbulent Flow in Coils with Circular Cross Sections

Fully Developed Laminar Flow in Curved, Square, and Rectangular Ducts

Fully Developed Turbulent Flow in Curved, Rectangular, and Square Ducts

Laminar Flow in Coiled Annular Ducts

Laminar Flow in Curved Ducts with Elliptic Cross Sections

Longitudinal Flow Between Cyclinders

Laminar Flow

Fully Developed Turbulent Flow

Internally Finned Tubes

Circular Ducts with Thin Longitudinal Fins

Square Ducts with Thin Longitudinal Fins

Rectangular Ducst with Longitudinal Fins from Opposite Walls

Circular Ducts with Longitudinal Triangular Fins

Circular Ducts with Twisted Tape

Semicircular Ducts with Internal Fins

Elliptical Ducts with Internal Longitudinal Fins

Other Singly Connected Ducts

Sine Ducts

Trapezoidal Ducts

Rhombic Ducts

Quadrilateral Ducts

Regular Polygonal Ducts

Circular Sector Ducts

Circular Segment Ducts

Annular Sector Ducts

Stadium-Shaped Ducts

Moon-Shaped Ducts

Corrugated Ducts

Parallel Plate Ducts with Spanwise Periodic Corrugations at One Wall

Cusped Ducts

Cardioid Ducts

Unusual Singly Connected Ducts

Other Doubly Connected Ducts

Confocal Elliptical Ducts

Regular Polygonal Ducts with Centered Circular Cores

Circular Ducts with Centered Regular Polygonal Cores

Isosceles Triangular Ducts with Inscribed Circular Cores

Elliptical Ducts with Centered Circular Cores

Concluding Remarks

Nomenclature

References

Chapter 6-Forced Convection, External Flows

Introduction

Definition of Terms

Two-Dimensional Laminar Boundary Layer

Two-Dimensional Boundary Layers

Transitional Boundary Layers

Complex Configurations

Nomenclature

References

Chapter 7-Radiation

Introduction

Radiation Intensity and Flux

Blackbody Radiation

Nonblack Surfaces and Materials

Radiative Exchange: Enclosures Containing a Nonparticipating Medium

Black Surfaces

Exchange Among Gray Diffuse Surfaces

Radiative Exchange with a Participating Medium

Fundamentals and Definitions

Solution Techniques for the RTE

Solutions to Benchmark Problems

Radiative Properties for Participating Media

Radiative Properties of Gases

Radiative Properties of Particulates

Radiative Properties of Porous Materials

Radiative Properties of Semitransparent Materials

Combined Modes with Radiation

The General Energy Equation

Interaction with Conduction and Convection

Interaction with Combustion and Turbulence

Closing Remarks

Appendix A: Radiative Property Tables

Appendix B: Radiation Configuration Factors

Nomenclature

References

Chapter 8-Microscale Transport Phenomena

Introduction

Time and Length Scales

Kinetic Theory

Formulation

Thermal Conductivity of Crystalline and Amorphous Solids

Boltzmann Transport Theory

General Formulation

Fourier and Ohm's Laws

Hyperbolic Heat Equation

Mass, Momentum, and Energy Conservation--Hydrodynamic Equations

Equation of Radiative Transfer for Photons and Phonons

Nonequilibrium Energy Transfer

Joule Heating in High-Field Electronic Devices

Radiative Heating by Ultrashort Laser Pulses

Summary

Nomenclature

References

Chapter 9-Heat Transfer in Porous Media

Introduction

Single-Phase Flow

Conduction Heat Transfer

Convection Heat Transfer

Radiation Heat Transfer

Two-Medium Treatment

Two-Phase Flow

Momentum Equations for Liquid-Gas Glow

Local Volume Averaging of Energy Equation

Effective Thermal Conductivity

Thermal Dispersion

Phase Change

Condensation at Vertical Impermeable Bounding Surfaces

Evaporation at Vertical Impermeable Bounding Surfaces

Evaporation at Horizontal Impermeable Bounding Surfaces

Evaporation at Thin Porous-Layer-Coated Surfaces

Melting and Solidification

Nomenclature

Glossary

References

Chapter 10-Nonnewtonian Fluids

Introduction

Overview

Classification of Onnewtonian Fluids

Material Functions of Nonnewtonian Fluids

Rheological Property Measurements

Thermophysical Properties of Nonnewtonian Fluids

Governing Equations of Nonnewtonian Fluids

Use of Reynolds and Prandtl Numbers

Use of the Weissenberg Number

Laminar Nonnewtonian Flow in a Circular Tube

Velocity Distribution and Friction Factor

Fully Developed Heat Transfer

Laminar Heat Transfer in the Thermal Enrance Region

Laminar Nonnewtonian Flow in a Rectangular Duct

Velocity Distribution and Friction Factor

Fully Developed Heat Transfer-Purely Viscous Fluids

Heat Transfer in the Thermal Entrance Region-Purely Viscous Fluids

Laminar Heat Transfer to Viscoelastic Fluids in Rectangular Ducts

Turbulent Flow of Purely Viscous Fluis in Circular Tubes

Fully Established Friction Factor

Heat Transfer

Turbulent Flow of Viscoelastic Fluids in Circular Tubes

Friction Factor and Velocity Distribution

Heat Transfer

Degradation

Solvent Effects

Failure of the Reynolds-Colburn Analogy

Turbulent Flow of Purely Viscous Fluids in Rectangular Ducts

Friction Factor

Heat Transfer

Turbulent Flow of Viscoelastic Fluids in Rectangular Ducts

Friction Factor

Heat Transfer

Anomalous Behavior of Aqueous Polyacrylic Acid Solutions

Flow over Surfaces; Free Convection; Boiling

Flow over Surfaces

Free Convection

Boiling

Suspensions and Surfactants

Flow of Food Products

Electrorheological Flows

Nomenclature

References

Chapter 11-Techniques to Enhance Heat Transfer

Introduction

General Background

Classification of Heat Transfer Enhancement Techniques

Performance Evaluation Criteria

Treated and Structured Surfaces

Boiling

Condensing

Rough Surfaces

Single-Phase Flow

Boiling

Condensing

Extended Surfaces

Single-Phase Flow

Boiling

Condensing

Displaced Enhancement Devices

Single-Phase Flow

Flow Boiling

Condensing

Swirl-Flow Devices

Single-Phase Flow

Boiling

Condensing

Surface-Tension Devices

Additives for Liquids

Solid Particles in Single-Phase Flow

Gas Bubbles in Single-Phase Flow

Liquid Additives for Boiling

Additives for Gases

Solid Particles in Single-Phase Flow

Liquid drops in Single-Phase Flow

Mechanical Aids

Stirring

Surface Scraping

Rotating Surfaces

Surface Vibration

Single-Phase Flow

Boiling

Condensing

Fluid Vibration

Single-Phase Flow

Boiling

Condensing

Electric and Magnetic Fields

Injection

Suction

Compound Enhancement

Prospects for the Future

Nomenclature

References

Chapter 12-Heat Pipes

Introduction

Fundamental Operating Principles

Capillary Limitation

Other Limitations

Design and Manufacturing Considerations

Working Fluid

Wicking Structures

Materials Compatibility

Heat Pipe Sizes and Shapes

Reliability and Life Tests

Heat Pipe Thermal Resistance

Types of Heat Pipes

Variable-Conductance Heat Pipes

Micro-Heat Pipes

Nomenclature

References

Chapter 13-Heat Transfer in Packed and Fluidized Beds

Introduction

Hydrodynamics

Packed Beds

Fluidized Beds

Heat Transfer in Packed Beds

Particle-to-Fluid Heat Transfer

Effective Thermal Conductivity

Wall-to-Bed Heat Transfer

Relative Heat Transfer

Heat Transfer in Fluidized Beds

Gas-Solid Fluidized Beds

Liquid-Solid Fluidized Beds

Concluding Remarks

Nomenclature

References

Chapter 14-Condensation

Introduction

Modes of Condensation

Condensation Curve

Thermal Resistance

Film Condensation on a Verical Plate

Approximate Analysis

Boundary Layer Analysis

Film Condensation on Horizontal Smooth Tubes

Single Tube

Tube Bundles

Film Condensation on HOrizontal Finned Tubes

Single Tube

Other Body Shapes

Inclined Circular Tubes

Inclined Upward-Facing Plates

Horizontal Upward-Facing Plates and Disks

Bottom of a Container

Horizontal and Inclined Downward-Facing Plates and Disks

General Axisymmetric Bodies

Horizontal and Inclined Elliptical Cylinders

Vertically Oriented Helical Coils

Consdensation with Rotation

Zero Gravity

In-Tube Condensation

Flow Regimes

Vertical Tubes

Horizontal Tubes

Pressure Losses

Condenser Modeling

Noncircular Passages

Direct Contract Condensation

Condensation on Drops (Spray Condensers)

Condensation on Jets and Sheets

Condensation on Films

Condensation on Vapor Bubbles

Condensation of Mixtures

Equilibrium Methods

Nonequilibrium Methods

Nomenclature

References

Chapter 15-Boiling

Introduction

General Considerations

Manifestations of Boiling Heat Transfer

Structure of this Chapter

Phase Equilibrium

Single-Component Systems

Multicomponent Systems

Nucleation and Bubble Growth

Equilibrium of a Bubble

Homogenous Nucleation

Heterogeneous Nucleation

Bubble Growth

Bubble Release Diameter and Frequency

Pool Boiling

Pool Boiling Heat Transfer Before the Critical Heat Flux Limit

The Critical Heat Flux Limit in Pool Boiling

Heat Transfer Beyond the Critical Heat Flux Limit in Pool Boiling

Cross Flow Boiling

Heat Transfer Before the Critical Heat Flux Limit in Cross Flow Boiling

Critical Heat Flux in Cross Flow Boiling

Heat Transfer Beyond the Critical Heat Flux Limit in Cross Flow Boiling

Forced Convective Boiling in Channels

Heat Transfer Below the Critical Heat Flux Limit in Forced Convective Boiling in Channels

Critical Heat Flux in Forced Convective Boiling in Channels

Heat Transfer Beyond the Critical Heat Flux Limit in Forced Convective Boiling in Channels

Thin Film Heat Transfer

Evaporating Liquid Films: Laminar Flow

Evaporating Liquid Films: Turbulent Flow

Evaporating Liquid Films: Multicomponent Mixtures

Evaporating Liquid Films with Nucleate Boiling

Heat Transfer to a Nonevaporating (Subcooled) Falling Liquid Film

Film Breakdown

Rewettng of Hot Surfaces

Nomenclature

References

Chapter 16-Measurement of Temperature and Heat Transfer

Introduction

Temperature Measurement

Basic Concepts and Definitions

Standards and Temperature Scales

Sensors

Local Temperature Measurement

Calibration of Thermometers and Assurance of Measurements

Heat Flux Measurement

Basic Principles

Methods

Thermal Resistance Gauges

Measurement by Analogy

Introduction

Sublimation Technique

Electrochemical Technique

Acknowledgments

Nomenclature

List of Abbreviations

References

Chapter 17-Heat Exchangers

Introduction

Classification of Heat Exchangers

Shell-and-Tube Exchangers

Newer Designs of Shell-and-Tube Exchangers

Compact Heat Exchangers

Exchanger Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Analysis

Heat Transfer Analysis

The e-NTU, P-NTU, and MTD Methods

Fin Efficiency and Extended Surface Efficiency

Extensions of the Basic Recuperator Thermal Design Theory

e-NTU, and lambda-pi Methods for Regeneration

Single-Phase Pressure Drop Analysis

Single-Phase Surface Basic Heat Transfer and Flow Friction Characteristics

Experimental Methods

Analytical Solutions

Experimental Correlations

Influence of Temperature-Dependent Fluid Properties

Influence of Superimposed Free Convection

Two-Phase Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Correlations

Flow Patterns

Two-Phase Pressure Drop Correlations

Heat Transfer Correlations for Condensation

Heat Transfer Correlations for Boiling

Thermal Design for Single-Phase Heat Exchangers

Exchanger Design Methodolgy

Extended Surface Heat Exchangers

Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers

Thermal Design for Two-Phase Heat Exchangers

Condensers

Vaporizers

Flow-Induced Vibration

Tube Vibration

Acoustic Vibrations

Design Guidlines for Vibration Mitigation

Flow Maldistribution

Geometry-Induced Flow Maldistribution

Flow Maldistribution Induced by Operating Conditions

Mitigation of Flow Maldistribution

Fouling and Corrosion

Fouling

Corrosion

Concluding Remarks

Nomenclature

References

Chapter 18-Heat Transfer in Materials Processing

Introduction

Heat Transfer Fundamentals Relevant to Materials Processing

Conduction Heat Transfer

Conduction Heat Transfer in Beam-Irradiated Materials

Conduction Heat Transfer with Thermomechanical Effects

Single-Phase Convective Heat Transfer

Two-Phase Convective Heat Transfer

Radiation Heat Transfer

System-Level Thermal Phenomena

Heating of a Load Inside Industrial Furnaces

Quenching

Processing of Several Advanced Materials

Concluding Remarks

Nomenclature

References

Index