Research Methods for Criminal Justice and Criminology : A Text and Reader (Paperback)

Preface Acknowledgements 1. Introduction The scientific method Qualitative and quantitative research Basic and applied research Steps of the research process Summary Key terms Discussion questions References 2. Reading and understanding research Sources of information Individual and vicarious experiences Media Evaluating sources of information Journal selectivity Sources of funding Research or professional organization sponsorship Reputation of authors Elements of published research Abstract Introduction Literature review Research methods Results Discussion/conclusion References How to read/take notes Summary Keywords Discussion questions References 3. Ethics in criminal justice research Harm in social science research Informed consent Information Comprehension Voluntariness The informed consent process Institutional Review Boards Some ethical dilemmas Confidentiality and anonymity Compensating participants Plagiarism Summary Keywords Discussion questions References Research Readings Researching the registered: challenges and suggestions for researchers studying sex offender populations. J. L. Klein, D. J. S. Bailey, & L. L. Sample Sex with informants as deviant behavior: an account and commentary E. Goode 4. Causation, experimental, and quasi-experimental designs Correlation versus causation Hypothesis testing and the first element of causation ? relationships between two variables Time order ? the second requirement for causation Accounting for all other possible explanations ? the third requirement for causation Threats to internal validity History Testing effects Instrumentation Statistical regression Selection (sample) bias Mortality Maturation Selection-maturation interaction Diffusion of treatment Compensatory equalization of treatment Compensatory rivalry and demoralization/resentment Statistical conclusion validity Generalizability and threats to external validity Selection bias Reactivity Testing effects History Multiple treatment interference The importance of replication in research Classical experiments Additional experimental designs Solomon four-group design and factorial design Equivalent groups post-test only design Quasi-experiments Strengths and weaknesses of quasi-experimental designs Summary Keywords Discussion questions References Research Readings The methodological struggles of racial profiling research: a causal question that automobile stop data has yet to answer S. W. Fallik The impact of hot spots policing on collective efficacy: findings form randomized field trial T. R. Kochel & D. Weisburd Cognitive-behavioral programming and the value of failed interventions: a propensity score evaluation B. M. Strah, N. A. Frost, J. I. Stowell, & S. A. Taheri 5. Pre-experimental, longitudinal, and cross-sectional designs Pre-experimental designs One-group before-after design One and two-group posttest only designs Longitudinal designs Trend studies Panel studies Cohort studies Accelerated or intensive longitudinal designs Potential drawbacks to longitudinal designs Cross-sectional design Approximating longitudinal designs with cross-sectional data Summary Keywords Discussion questions References Research Readings Still paying for the past: examining gender differences in employment among individuals with a criminal record G. Curcio & A. Pattavina Knowledge of the 911 Good Samaritan Law and 911-calling behavior of overdose witnesses A. Jakubowski, H. V. Kunins, Z. Huxley-Reicher, & A. Siegler A comparison between two retrospective alcohol consumption measures and the daily drinking diary method with university students C. Patterson, L. Hogan, & M. Cox 6. Measurement, validity, and reliability From concepts to measurements Variables Levels of measurement Scales and indexes Validity and reliability Mixed methods approaches to address validity and reliability Summary Keywords Discussion questions References Research Readings Systemic error: measuring gender in criminological research J. L. Valcore & R. Pfeffer We don’t like your type around here: regional and residential differences in exposure to online hate material targeting sexuality M. Costello, J. Rukus, & J. Hawdon Popping the cultural bubble of violence risk assessment tools S. M. Shepherd & T. Anthony Fieldwork protocol as a safety inventory tool in public places V. Ceccato 7. Measuring Crime: The UCR, NIBRS, and NCVS Uniform Crime Reports National Incident Based Reporting System National Crime Victimization Survey Summary Keywords Discussion questions References Research Readings Urban crime rates and the changing face of immigration: evidence across four decades R. Adelman, L. W. Reid, G. Markle, S. Weiss, & C. Jaret The consequences of identity theft victimization: an examination of emotional and physical health outcomes K. Golladay & K. Holtfreter 8. Sampling Sample bias Probability sampling Simple random sampling Systematic random sampling Stratified random sampling Multistage cluster sampling Nonprobability sampling Convenience and accidental sampling Purposive sampling Quota sampling Snowball sampling Revisiting sample bias Checking your data ? confidence intervals and confidence levels Sample bias and random assignments to groups Finding the right sample size ? statistical power Summary Keywords Discussion questions References Research Readings Methodology matters: comparing sample types and data collection methods in a juror decision-making study on the influence of defendant race E. M. Maeder, S. Yamamoto, & L. A. McManus The effect of community-level alarm ownership on burglary rates J. Roth, S. Lee, & J. Joo Homeless women’s service use, barriers, and motivation for participating in substance use treatment. C. C. Upshur, D. Jenkins, L. Weinreb, L. Gelberg, & E. A. Orvek The willingness of people who inject drugs in Boston to use a supervised injection facility C. Leon, L. Cardoso, S. Mackin, B. Bock, & J. M. Gaeta Ayudame! Who can help me? the help-seeking decisions of battered undocumented Latinas D. Mowder, F. Lutze, & H. Namgung 9. Surveys and interviews Survey construction Flow and appearance of survey Pretesting Type of survey distribution In-person surveys Telephone surveys Self-administered surveys Specific types of surveys Focus group Self-report Is a survey the right tool for my study? Summary Keywords Discussion questions References Research Readings The poly-drug user: examining associations between drugs used by adolescents R. W. Biggar Jr., C. J. Forsyth, J. Chen, & K. Burstein The malleability of attitudes toward the police: immediate effects of the viewing of police use of force videos R. Boivin, A. Gendron, C. Faubert, & B. Poulin "Well, there’s a more scientific way to do it!": factors influencing receptivity to evidence-based practices in police organizations H. Kalyal Ensuring the validity of police use of force training N. Rajakaruna, P. J. Henry, A. Cutler, & G. Fairman 10. Field research Roles for field researchers Qualitative field research Gaining access for research Organizations Subcultures Issues specific to ethnographic research Sampling The work’s impact on the researcher Note-taking for qualitative research Structured field observations Validity and reliability of field research Summary Keywords Discussion questions References Research Readings Consumption and community: the subcultural contexts of disparate marijuana practices in jam band and hip-hop scenes M. Pawson & B. C. Kelly She got herself there: narrative resistance in the drug discourse of strippers M. F. Lavin 11. Less obtrusive methods Content analysis Examples of content analysis Secondary data analysis and official records Primary (raw) data and secondary (published) agency records Unpublished agency records Example of studies using secondary data Advantages and disadvantages of using secondary data Simulations Crime mapping Systematic review and meta-analysis Summary Keywords Discussion questions References Research Readings "I hate these little turds!": science, entertainment, and the enduring popularity of Scared Straight programs J. Maahs & T. C. Pratt Newsworthiness of missing persons cases: an analysis of selection bias, disparities in coverage, and the narrative framework of news reports M. N. Jeanis & R. A. Powers A quasi-experimental evaluation of the effects of police body-worn cameras (BWCs) on response-to-resistance in a large metropolitan police department W. G. Jennings, L. A. Fridell, M. Lynch, K. K. Jetelina, & J. M. Reingle Gonzalez Psychometric properties of the UNCOPE: screening for DSM-5 substance use disorder among a state juvenile justice population S. L. Proctor, A. M. Kopak, & Hoffmann, N. G. Procedural justice, overaccommodation, and police authority and professionalism: results from a randomized experiment B. V. Lowrey-Kinberg Looking inside the black box of drug courts. A meta-analytic review D. K. Shaffer 12. Policy analysis and program evaluation Policy analysis Evaluation research Issues unique to evaluation research Designs for evaluation research Should we do the evaluation Will the results be used? Finding what works in criminal justice Summary Keywords Discussion questions References Research Readings The cannabis effect on crime: time-series analysis of crime in Colorado and Washington state R. Lu, D. Willits, M. K. Stohr, D. Makin, J. Snyder, N. Lovrich, M. Meize, D. Stanton, G. Wu, & C. Hemmens Treatment integrity and recidivism among sex offenders: the relationship between CPC scores and program effectiveness M. Makarios, L. B. Lovins, A. J. Myer, & E. Latessa