From Safety to Safety Science : The Evolution of Thinking and Practice (Paperback)

TIME TRAVEL CHAPTER 1 THE BIRTH OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY, SAFETY AND SOCIAL STRUGGLE: 1800s?1910 UNITED KINGDOM The century of steam UNITED STATES US Steel, road to happiness The Pittsburgh investigation Eastman's conclusions Responsibility for safety THE NETHERLANDS The Netherlands during the century of steam Safety technique according to Westerouwen van Meeteren Heijermans’ causes of occupational accidents CHAPTER 2 ACCIDENT PRONENESS, SAFETY BY INSPECTION: 1910-1930 UNITED STATES The American management approach Behavioural management Safety technique Safety publications Professionalisation of occupational safety Safety management according to DeBlois Heinrich’s influence Safety propaganda UNITED KINGDOM Safety research Accident proneness The individual hypothesis Between thinking and doing The environmental hypothesis THE NETHERLANDS Individual factors CHAPTER 3 DOMINOS, SAFETY BY TECHNIQUE ? PREVENTION: 1931-1950 UNITED STATES Heinrich's contribution The domino metaphor The National Safety Council The role of the foreman Accident investigation, chance and effect Criticism on Heinrich The epidemiological triangle UNITED KINGDOM Accidents and their prevention THE NETHERLANDS Limited knowledge development Safety museum Safety inspectors CHAPTER 4 PREVENTION, BEHAVIOUR AND THE MAKEABLE MAN: 1950 ? 1970 UNITED STATES Modern management Quality control, product versus process The latter days of Heinrich Damage control Criticism on the psychological explanation of accidents The hazard-barrier-target model The concept of risk Reliability engineering Ergonomics Loss prevention and safety tools, FMEA, FTA, Energy Analysis UNITED KINGDOM Safety tool, Hazop Human factors and ergonomics THE NETHERLANDS Task dynamics, a safety theory Focus on occupational safety The Lateiner method Workers’ participation Ergonomics and housekeeping CHAPTER 5 RISK, SAFETY AND ORGANISATION ? MANAGEMENT: 1970-1990 WESTERN EUROPE AND THE NORDIC CONTRIES Quality of legal provisions for occupational management Models of occupational safety Ergonomics and task dynamics Causes and prevention of 2,000 accidents Occupational safety research in the 1980s NORTH AMERICA Structures of organisations Risk homeostasis Occupational safety research in the 1980s Prevention of accidents Occupational safety management systems and auditing Workers’ well-being Safety and changing technology THE NETHERLANDS Human error Risk and occupational safety Acceptability of risks, standards for occupational exposure to carcinogens Humanisation of labour CHAPTER 6 RISK AND MANAGEMENT, SAFETY BY ORGANISATION: 1960-1990 WESTERN EUROPE AND THE NORDIC COUTRIES Some major industrial accidents in the 1960s and 1970s Feyzin, 1966 Aberfan, 1966 Flixborough, 1974 Seveso, 1976 Los Alfaques, 1978 How safety changed after these major industrial accidents The nuclear sector Loss Prevention Canvey Island study Inherent safe design Seveso I The Disaster Incubation Theory Man-machine interactions Some major industrial accidents in the 1980s Chernobyl, 1986 Piper Alpha, 1988 Clapham Junction, 1988 NORTH AMERICA, INDIA AND THE FORMER USSR Management Oversight Risk Tree Some major industrial accidents in the 1970s and 1980s Three Mile Island, 1979 Mexico City, 1984 Bhopal, 1984 How safety changed after these major industrial accidents Risk approach and risk perception Normal accidents Man-machine interactions THERP and high reliability theory Safety management THE NETHERLANDS Some major industrial accidents in the 1960s and 1970s Shell Pernis, 1968 DSM Beek, 1975 NAM Schoonebeek, 1976 How safety changed after these major industrial accidents Impact of vapour gas explosions Fighting blow-outs Loss Prevention Origin of the Dutch risk concept COVO study, LPG study Coloured books Broad Societal Discussion Research on risk perception The Shell casus University Training and Research in Safety CHAPTER 7 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY, SAFETY MANAGEMENT, CULTURE: 1990-2010 WESTERN EUROPE AND NORDIC COUNTRIES Quality management Safety management The accident process Accident models Working-on-safety Safety culture and safety climate NORTH AMERICA AND AUSTRALIA Quality management Organisational learning Safety audits Safety interventions Organisational culture THE NETHERLANDS Organisational learning The concept of well-being ISO madness Risk assessment and evaluation Accidents and accident models Safety interventions Safety culture CHAPTER 8 HIGH-TECH-HIGH-HAZARD SAFETY, CULTURE AND RISK: 1990?2010 General management schools Risk Accidents in high-tech-high-hazard sectors Domino effects Golden years of safety WESTERN EUROPE AND NORDIC COUNTRIES Determinants of major accident processes Sloppy management Complexity and socio-technical systems Gas clouds Human failure and human factors Safety culture and inspections Design Metaphors Swiss cheese Drift to danger Models and theories Disaster incubation theory Resilience engineering workshop Risk perception Risk and safety management NORTH AMERICA AND AUSTRALIA Determinants of major accident processes Design, Layers of Protection Analysis (LOPA) Design, process intensification Theories Normal accident theory High reliability theory Case studies Risk perception THE NETHERLANDS Determinants of major accident processes Metaphors Bowtie Quantification of risk Acceptable risk levels Risk perception Risk and safety management Deepwater Horizon CHAPTER 9 EPILOGUE Acts of God The individual and environmental hypotheses, pre-war period Hazards and unsafe acts, pre-war period Occupational safety, post-war period Management and safety management, post-war period Ergonomics, post-war period The environmental and individual hypotheses, post-war period High-tech-high-hazard safety, post-war period Organisational factors The combination of technology, behaviour and organisation Safety and risk management Risk and risk perception Again theories, models and metaphors The fruits of progress Worrying between thinking and doing Safety as a science? Room for optimism The time traveller again Optimise or innovate? The need for cooperation Sorcery Appendix 1: Reported ‘man-made’ incidents and major accidents from public literature, 1990-2010 Appendix 2: High-tech high hazard safety, 1950-2010 Appendix 3: Occupational safety, 1800s-2010 References Index