Introduction to Clinical Informatics (Hardcover, 1997. Corr. 2nd)

1. Systems for Managing Medical Information.- Principles of Computer Operations.- Hardware Architecture.- Encoding Information in a Machine.- The Memory Hierarchy.- Computer Categories.- Central Processing Unit Operations.- Input-Output Peripherals.- Software Architecture.- Operating Systems.- Development Environments and Utilities.- Application Programs.- Communications and Networks.- Network Architecture.- Standards for Exchanging Information.- Integrated System Architectures.- Centralized Systems.- Distributed Systems.- Multimedia Workstations.- Network of Networks.- Exercises.- 2. Medical Software Development.- Computer Project Management.- Waterfall Models.- Spiral Methods and Quick Prototyping.- Conceptual Models.- The Notion of a Model.- Objects and Relationships.- Modeling Intermediate Structures.- Semantic Networks.- Software Development Tools.- Computer-Aided Software Engineering.- Database Management Systems.- Document Management Systems.- Interface Management Systems.- Natural Language Processing Tools.- Specialized Software Components.- Electronic Data Interchange.- Integrating Software Components.- Exercises.- 3. Medical Data and Semiology.- The Nature of Medical Data.- Medical Data Types.- The Variability of Medical Data.- Interpreting Medical Data.- Cognitive Processes.- Interpreting Numbers and Words.- Interpreting Associations.- Quantitative Semiology.- The Diagnostic Value of a Test.- Sensitivity and Specificity of a Sign.- Measuring the Predictive Value of a Sign.- Discussion and Conclusions.- Exercises.- 4. Medical Reasoning and Decision-Making.- Reasoning.- Deduction.- Induction.- Abduction.- Causal Reasoning.- The Steps Involved in Making a Medical Decision.- Identify the Problem.- Structure the Problem.- Choose the Solution.- Uncertainty and Medical Judgment.- Medical Judgment.- Uncertainty and Judgment Bias.- Probability Theory and Decision Analysis.- Comparing Several Diagnostic Hypotheses.- Evaluating the Benefits of Therapy.- Decision Analysis.- Symbolic Reasoning and Expert Systems.- Knowledge Representation.- Using Knowledge.- Learning.- Discussion and Conclusion.- Exercises.- 5. Medical Language and Classification Systems.- Coding and Classifications.- Examples of Classifications.- Clinical Classifications.- The NANDA Classification of Nursing Diagnoses.- Classification of Treatments and Procedures.- Multidomain Classifications.- Discussion and Conclusion.- Exercises.- 6. Documentation Systems and Information Databases.- Technical Infrastructure.- Workstations.- Connecting to Networks.- Archiving and Server Functions.- General Characteristics.- Document Mediation.- The Quality of a Documentation Management System.- Documentation Systems.- Bibliographical Databases.- Medical Information and Knowledge Bases.- Discussion and Conclusion.- Exercises.- 7. Hospital Information Systems.- Analysis of the Information System.- The Various Levels of the Information System.- The Environment of the Information System.- HIS Objectives.- Structural Analysis.- Functional Analysis.- The Components of an HIS.- Administration.- Health-Care Units.- Ancillary Departments.- Strategies and Technical Solutions.- The Vertical Approach: Centralized HIS.- The Horizontal Approach: Departmental Systems.- The Distributed Approach: Distributed and Open Systems.- Required Resources.- Allocating Resources and Estimating Costs.- Human Resources.- Discussion and Conclusion.- Exercises.- 8. Health-Care Networks.- The Health System.- Health-Care Coverage.- Medical Demographics.- Health-Care Networks and Health Information Systems.- The Components of a Health-Care Network.- Telemedicine Tools in Health-Care Networks.- Data Access and Communications.- The Information System for Generalists.- The Key Role of the Generalist in the Health-Care Network.- Computerizing the Doctor's Office.- The Patient's Information System.- Active Participation in Health Care.- Training at Home.- Electronic Messaging.- Discussion and Conclusion.- Exerc