Applied Bioelectricity: From Electrical Stimulation to Electropathology (Hardcover)

1 Introduction.- 1.1 General Perspective.- 1.2 Electrical Exposure.- Electrical Fatalities.- Typical Electrical Exposures.- 1.3 Scales of Short-Term Reactions to Contact Current.- Sensory Reactions.- Muscle Reactions.- Cardiac Reactions.- Thermal Reactions.- Electroporation.- 1.4 Reactions to Electric and Magnetic Field Stimulation.- 1.5 Variables Affecting Thresholds.- 2 Impedance and Current Distribution.- 2.1 Dielectric Properties of Biological Materials.- Conductivity and Permittivity.- Cellular Membranes.- Skin Depth.- 2.2 Skin Impedance.- Detailed Structure of Skin.- Equivalent Circuit Models.- Area Proportionality of Skin Admittance.- Skin Capacitance.- Time-Variant and Nonlinear Aspects of Skin Impedance.- 2.3 Total Body Impedance: Low-Frequency and DC.- Distribution of Current and Impedance Within the Body.- Current Through the Heart.- Applicability of Measurements on Corpses.- Statistical Distribution of Impedance.- 2.4 Impedance at Higher Frequencies.- 2.5 Impedance Through Foot Contact.- 2.6 High-Voltage and Transient Properties.- Spark and Contact Components.- Plateau Voltage.- Spark Discharges and Corneal Degradation.- Discharge Impedance.- Variation with Stimulus Location.- Polarity Effects.- Stimulus Time Constants.- Minimum Impedance with Spark Discharge.- Internal Body Impedance.- 2.7 Impedance of Domestic Animals.- 3 Electrical Principles of Nerve and Muscle Function.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Cellular Membranes.- The Nernst Equation.- 3.3 The Excitable Nerve Membrane.- The Hodgkin-Huxley Membrane.- The Frankenhaeuser-Huxley Membrane.- Species Dependence of Action Potential.- Dynamics.- Propagation of Nerve Impulses.- 3.4 Action Potential Models for Cardiac Tissue.- 3.5 Sensory Transduction.- Intensity Coding.- 3.6 Muscle Function.- 3.7 Synapses.- General Properties.- Synaptic Interactions with In-Situ E-Fields.- 3.8 The Spinal Reflex.- 4 Excitation Models.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Linear Strength-Duration Model.- Empirical Strength-Duration Relationships.- 4.3 Electrical Cable Representations.- One-Dimensional Cable Models.- Nonlinear Models.- 4.4 Myelinated Nerve Model.- Threshold Criterion.- Position and Number of Nonlinear Nodes.- Suprathreshold Response.- 4.5 Response to Monophasic Stimulation.- Strength-Duration Relations.- Polarity Sensitivity.- Current Density and Electric Field.- Relationships.- 4.6 Response to Biphasic and Repetitive Stimuli.- Strength-Duration Relationships.- Sinusoidal Stimuli.- Repetitive Stimuli.- Nonlinear Interaction of Multiple Waveforms.- 4.7 Parameter Variation Effects.- 5 Electrical Properties of the Heart.- 5.1 Cardiovascular System: General Anatomical and Functional Aspects.- 5.2 Origin and Spread of Excitation.- Autorhythmicity and Geometry of Propagation.- Hierarchy of Pacemaker Activity and Artificial Pacemakers.- 5.3 Elementary Processes of Excitation and Contraction.- Ionic Mechanisms of Excitation.- Mechanism of Contraction.- Excitation-Contraction Coupling.- 5.4 Stimulation, Propagation, and Refractoriness.- Elementary Mechanisms.- Conduction of the Action Potential.- Definition and Mechanism of Refractoriness.- 5.5 Regular and Ectopic Pacemakers.- Elementary Events in Impulse Formation.- Actual and Potential Pacemakers.- Ectopic Pacemakers.- 5.6 Effects of Autonomic Nerves and of Changes in Electrolyte Composition.- Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Innervation.- Chronotropy, Inotropy, and Dromotropy.- Vagal and Sympathetic Tone.- Mechanism of Autonomic Transmitter Actions.- Effects of the Ionic Environment and of Drugs.- 5.7 Electrocardiogram.- ECG Form and Nomenclature; Relation to Cardiac Excitation.- Origin of ECG.- ECG Recording.- Use of the ECG in Diagnosis.- 5.8 Abnormalities in Cardiac Rhythm as Reflected in the ECG.- Rhythms Originating in the AV Junction.- Rhythms Originating in the Ventricles.- Extrasystoles.- Atrioventricular Disturbances of Conduction.- Atrial Flutter and Fibrillation.- Ventricular Flutter and Fibrillation.- 5.9 Mechanism of Flutter