Power Generation, Operation, and Control (Hardcover, 3)

· 제목 : Power Generation, Operation, and Control (Hardcover, 3) 
· 분류 : 외국도서 > 기술공학 > 기술공학 > 전기공학
· ISBN : 9780471790556
· 쪽수 : 656쪽
· 출판일 : 2013-11-18

Preface to the Third Edition xvii

Preface to the Second Edition xix

Preface to the First Edition xxi

Acknowledgment xxiii

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Purpose of the Course / 1

1.2 Course Scope / 2

1.3 Economic Importance / 2

1.4 Deregulation: Vertical to Horizontal / 3

1.5 Problems: New and Old / 3

1.6 Characteristics of Steam Units / 6

1.7 Renewable Energy / 22

APPENDIX 1A Typical Generation Data / 26

APPENDIX 1B Fossil Fuel Prices / 28

APPENDIX 1C Unit Statistics / 29

References for Generation Systems / 31

Further Reading / 31

2 Industrial Organization, Managerial Economics, and Finance 35

2.1 Introduction / 35

2.2 Business Environments / 36

2.3 Theory of the Firm / 40

2.4 Competitive Market Solutions / 42

2.5 Supplier Solutions / 45

2.6 Cost of Electric Energy Production / 53

2.7 Evolving Markets / 54

2.8 Multiple Company Environments / 58

2.9 Uncertainty and Reliability / 61

PROBLEMS / 61

Reference / 62

3 Economic Dispatch of Thermal Units and Methods of Solution 63

3.1 The Economic Dispatch Problem / 63

3.2 Economic Dispatch with Piecewise Linear Cost Functions / 68

3.3 LP Method / 69

3.4 The Lambda Iteration Method / 73

3.5 Economic Dispatch Via Binary Search / 76

3.6 Economic Dispatch Using Dynamic Programming / 78

3.7 Composite Generation Production Cost Function / 81

3.8 Base Point and Participation Factors / 85

3.9 Thermal System Dispatching with Network Losses Considered / 88

3.10 The Concept of Locational Marginal Price (LMP) / 92

3.11 Auction Mechanisms / 95

APPENDIX 3A Optimization Within Constraints / 106

APPENDIX 3B Linear Programming (LP) / 117

APPENDIX 3C Non-Linear Programming / 128

APPENDIX 3D Dynamic Programming (DP) / 128

APPENDIX 3E Convex Optimization / 135

PROBLEMS / 138

References / 146

4 Unit Commitment 147

4.1 Introduction / 147

4.2 Unit Commitment Solution Methods / 155

4.3 Security-Constrained Unit Commitment (SCUC) / 167

4.4 Daily Auctions Using a Unit Commitment / 167

APPENDIX 4A Dual Optimization on a Nonconvex Problem / 167

APPENDIX 4B Dynamic-Programming Solution to Unit Commitment / 173

4B.1 Introduction / 173

4B.2 Forward DP Approach / 174

PROBLEMS / 182

5 Generation with Limited Energy Supply 187

5.1 Introduction / 187

5.2 Fuel Scheduling / 188

5.3 Take-or-Pay Fuel Supply Contract / 188

5.4 Complex Take-or-Pay Fuel Supply Models / 194

5.5 Fuel Scheduling by Linear Programming / 195

5.6 Introduction to Hydrothermal Coordination / 202

5.7 Hydroelectric Plant Models / 204

5.8 Scheduling Problems / 207

5.9 The Hydrothermal Scheduling Problem / 211

5.10 Hydro-Scheduling using Linear Programming / 222

APPENDIX 5A Dynamic-Programming Solution to hydrothermal Scheduling / 225

5.A.1 Dynamic Programming Example / 227

PROBLEMS / 234

6 Transmission System Effects 243

6.1 Introduction / 243

6.2 Conversion of Equipment Data to Bus and Branch Data / 247

6.3 Substation Bus Processing / 248

6.4 Equipment Modeling / 248

6.5 Dispatcher Power Flow for Operational Planning / 251

6.6 Conservation of Energy (Tellegen’s Theorem) / 252

6.7 Existing Power Flow Techniques / 253

6.8 The Newton–Raphson Method Using the Augmented Jacobian Matrix / 254

6.9 Mathematical Overview / 257

6.10 AC System Control Modeling / 259

6.11 Local Voltage Control / 259

6.12 Modeling of Transmission Lines and Transformers / 259

6.13 HVDC links / 261

6.14 Brief Review of Jacobian Matrix Processing / 267

6.15 Example 6A: AC Power Flow Case / 269

6.16 The Decoupled Power Flow / 271

6.17 The Gauss–Seidel Method / 275

6.18 The “DC” or Linear Power Flow / 277

6.19 Unified Eliminated Variable Hvdc Method / 278

6.20 Transmission Losses / 284

6.21 Discussion of Reference Bus Penalty Factors / 288

6.22 Bus Penalty Factors Direct from the AC Power Flow / 289

PROBLEMS / 291

7 Power System Security 296

7.1 Introduction / 296

7.2 Factors Affecting Power System Security / 301

7.3 Contingency Analysis: Detection of Network Problems / 301

7.4 An Overview of Security Analysis / 306

7.5 Monitoring Power Transactions Using “Flowgates” / 313

7.6 Voltage Collapse / 315

APPENDIX 7A AC Power Flow Sample Cases / 327

APPENDIX 7B Calculation of Network Sensitivity Factors / 336

7B.1 Calculation of PTDF Factors / 336

7B.2 Calculation of LODF Factors / 339

7B.3 Compensated PTDF Factors / 343

Problems / 343

References / 349

8 Optimal Power Flow 350

8.1 Introduction / 350

8.2 The Economic Dispatch Formulation / 351

8.3 The Optimal Power Flow Calculation Combining Economic Dispatch and the Power Flow / 352

8.4 Optimal Power Flow Using the DC Power Flow / 354

8.5 Example 8A: Solution of the DC Power Flow OPF / 356

8.6 Example 8B: DCOPF with Transmission Line Limit Imposed / 361

8.7 Formal Solution of the DCOPF / 365

8.8 Adding Line Flow Constraints to the Linear Programming Solution / 365

8.9 Solution of the ACOPF / 368

8.10 Algorithms for Solution of the ACOPF / 369

8.11 Relationship Between LMP, Incremental Losses, and Line Flow Constraints / 376

8.12 Security-Constrained OPF / 382

APPENDIX 8A Interior Point Method / 391

APPENDIX 8B Data for the 12-Bus System / 393

APPENDIX 8C Line Flow Sensitivity Factors / 395

APPENDIX 8D Linear Sensitivity Analysis of the AC Power Flow / 397

PROBLEMS / 399

9 Introduction to State Estimation in Power Systems 403

9.1 Introduction / 403

9.2 Power System State Estimation / 404

9.3 Maximum Likelihood Weighted Least-Squares Estimation / 408

9.4 State Estimation of an Ac Network / 421

9.5 State Estimation by Orthogonal Decomposition / 428

9.6 An Introduction to Advanced Topics in State Estimation / 435

9.7 The Use of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUS) / 447

9.8 Application of Power Systems State Estimation / 451

9.9 Importance of Data Verification and Validation / 454

9.10 Power System Control Centers / 454

APPENDIX 9A Derivation of Least-Squares Equations / 456

9A.1 The Overdetermined Case (Nm > Ns) / 457

9A.2 The Fully Determined Case (Nm = Ns) / 462

9A.3 The Underdetermined Case (Nm < Ns) / 462

PROBLEMS / 464

10 Control of Generation 468

10.1 Introduction / 468

10.2 Generator Model / 470

10.3 Load Model / 473

10.4 Prime-Mover Model / 475

10.5 Governor Model / 476

10.6 Tie-Line Model / 481

10.7 Generation Control / 485

PROBLEMS / 497

References / 500

11 Interchange, Pooling, Brokers, and Auctions 501

11.1 Introduction / 501

11.2 Interchange Contracts / 504

11.3 Energy Interchange between Utilities / 517

11.4 Interutility Economy Energy Evaluation / 521

11.5 Interchange Evaluation with Unit Commitment / 522

11.6 Multiple Utility Interchange Transactions—Wheeling / 523

11.7 Power Pools / 526

11.8 The Energy-Broker System / 529

11.9 Transmission Capability General Issues / 533

11.10 Available Transfer Capability and Flowgates / 535

11.11 Security Constrained Unit Commitment (SCUC) / 550

11.12 Auction Emulation using Network LP / 555

11.13 Sealed Bid Discrete Auctions / 555

PROBLEMS / 560

12 Short-Term Demand Forecasting 566

12.1 Perspective / 566

12.2 Analytic Methods / 569

12.3 Demand Models / 571

12.4 Commodity Price Forecasting / 572

12.5 Forecasting Errors / 573

12.6 System Identification / 573

12.7 Econometric Models / 574

12.8 Time Series / 578

12.9 Time Series Model Development / 585

12.10 Artificial Neural Networks / 603

12.11 Model Integration / 614

12.12 Demand Prediction / 614

12.13 Conclusion / 616

PROBLEMS / 617

Index 620