[eBook Code] Belonging (eBook Code, 1st)

Acknowledgements viii

Introduction 1

Outline of the book 2

1 Identity as a Political Instrument 7

Conflicting identities 7

The role of boundaries 10

Traditional versus modern societies 15

The construction and meaning of identity 16

The consequences of globalization 19

Summary 24

2 Belonging by Choice 26

Belonging and emotion 26

The conditions of belonging 32

Collective identity and the power of symbols 35

Belonging to the nation 43

Collective identity and political mobilization 44

Summary 48

3 Freedom and Constraint 50

Immanuel Kant 51

Michel Foucault 55

Erich Fromm 58

The freedom to belong 61

Alienation, fear of irrelevance and group membership 64

Escaping into new dependencies: addiction 65

Summary 69

4 The New Radical Right and the Resurgence of Authoritarian Politics 71

The rise of authoritarianism 71

The new radical right versus traditional fascism 75

Who votes for the new radical right? 79

‘White resistance’ as a transnational movement 80

The rise of ethno-politics 83

On racism 84

The nation: conflicting views 86

From biological to cultural exclusion 88

Summary 90

5 The Rituals of Belonging 92

The power of symbols 92

The meaning of symbols 97

Ritual and power 98

Ritual and emotions 103

Rituals of ‘inclusion’ and ‘exclusion’ 105

Rites of belonging in modern society 108

Rites of passage 110

‘Exclusive’ and ‘inclusive’ groups and associations 112

Summary 116

6 Loyalty, Citizenship and the Nation 118

On loyalty 118

Three types of loyalty 120

Loyalty, the nation and nationalism 123

National loyalty in peacetime and wartime 128

Loyalty programmes in the USA 130

Scapegoating and dissent 134

Freedom versus conformity 135

‘Authoritarian’ versus ‘democratic’ loyalty 137

The great challenge: turning immigrants into Americans 140

Summary 142

7 Emotion and Political Mobilization 144

Emotion and social action 144

Emotion and the rational imperatives of market capitalism 147

‘Taming’ emotion and the construction of ‘healing spaces’ 153

Emotion and political mobilization 154

Summary 170

Conclusion 172

Notes 181

Bibliography 200

Index 211