Handbook of Analytical Techniques in Concrete Science and Technology: Principles, Techniques and Applications (Hardcover)

Concrete Science 1 (62)
Vangi S. Ramachandran
Introduction 1 (1)
Formation of Portland Cement 2 (2)
Individual Cement Compounds 4 (10)
Portland Cement 14 (3)
Cement Paste 17 (17)
Models of Hydrated Cement 34 (3)
Concrete Properties 37 (5)
Durability of Concrete 42 (21)
References 55 (8)
Petrographic and Technological Methods for 63 (42)
Evaluation of Concrete Aggregates
P. E. Grattan-Bellew
Introduction 63 (2)
Chemical Tests 65 (8)
Chemical Tests for Alkali-Silica 65 (1)
Reactivity
Chemical Analysis 66 (3)
Test Method ASTM C 289 69 (4)
Aggregates that Release Alkalis into the 73 (2)
Pore Solution in Concrete
Determination of Porosity and Water 75 (3)
Absorption of Aggregates
Instrumental Techniques for Determining the 78 (10)
Potential Reactivity of Siliceous Aggregates
X-Ray Diffraction Analysis in the 78 (6)
Evaluation of Aggregates
Infrared Spectroscopy 84 (3)
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 87 (1)
Staining Techniques for Aggregates 88 (5)
Copper Nitrate Staining Method 88 (1)
Methylene Blue Test 89 (2)
Measurement of Undulatory Extinction 91 (2)
Angels
Shape and Surface Texture of Aggregates 93 (12)
References 98 (7)
Chemical Methods of Analysis of Concrete 105(22)
William G. Hime
Introduction 105(4)
The Analytical Problems for the Analyses 105(1)
of Hardened Concrete
The Components of Concrete 106(3)
Hardened Concrete Analysis Procedures 109(15)
General 109(1)
Cement Content Analysis 110(1)
Sample Requirements and Procedure Choice 111(1)
Calcium Oxide Content Procedure 112(1)
Soluble Silica Content 112(1)
Sulfate Content 113(1)
Maleic Acid 113(1)
Other Procedures 113(1)
Chloride Analyses 113(1)
Chloride Procedures 114(1)
Sulfate and Sulfide Analyses 115(1)
Water Analysis 115(2)
Nitrate and Nitrite Analyses 117(1)
Organic Components 118(1)
Procedures 119(2)
Elemental Concentrations 121(1)
Compound and Mineral Compositions 122(2)
Mortars, Grouts and Plasters 124(3)
Discussion 124(1)
References 125(2)
Thermal Analysis 127(47)
Vangi S. Ramachandran
Introduction 127(3)
Cement Clinker 130(3)
Synthesis of Cement Phases 133(3)
Polymorphism in Silicates 136(2)
Hydration of Calcium Silicates 138(8)
Hydration of C3A and C4AF 146(5)
Hydration of Cement 151(8)
Durability 159(15)
References 169(5)
IR Spectroscopy 174(31)
S. N. Ghosh
Introduction 174(1)
Theory 174(2)
Experimental Methods 176(1)
The Spectra of Rocks, Minerals, Clays, etc. 176(11)
Calcite, Aragonite, and Magnesite 177(1)
Estimation of Dolomite Content in 177(6)
Limestone
Argillaceous and Siliceous Limestones 183(1)
Feldspar, Orthoclase, Quartz, and Jaspar 183(1)
Tourmaline, Kyanite, Topaz, and Talc 184(1)
Rhyolite, Granite, and Basalt 184(1)
Kaolin, Red Clay, Black Cotton Soil, and 184(1)
White Clay
Chrysotile, Tremolite, and Asbestos 185(1)
Biotite, Muscovite, Mica Schist, and 186(1)
Phlogophite Mica
Apatite, Phosphatic Rocks, and Gypsum 186(1)
Spectra of Fly Ash and Slag 187(1)
Anhydrous Cement and its Phase 187(5)
Solid Solution 192(1)
Hydration Studies 193(6)
C-S-H and Other Hydrates 194(3)
Ettringite and Other Compounds 197(1)
Hydration Studies under Different 198(1)
Conditions
Studies on Concrete 199(1)
Miscellaneous Studies 199(6)
Acknowledgment 200(1)
References 200(5)
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 205(26)
R. James Kirkpatrick
Introduction 205(11)
Theory 205(10)
Experimental Methods 215(1)
Structural Investigations of Anhydrous 216(2)
Cement Phases
Silicates 216(1)
Aluminates 217(1)
Glasses and Melts 217(1)
Structural Investigations of Calcium 218(3)
Silicate Hydrate (C-S-H) and Related
Crystalline Phases
Tobermorite, Jennite, and Other 218(2)
Ca-Silicates
C-S-H 220(1)
Investigations of Portland Cement Hydration 221(2)
Investigations of Aluminate Cement Hydration 223(1)
Waste Solidification and Stabilization 224(1)
Alkali Silica Gel 224(1)
Structural Investigations of Raw Materials 224(1)
Note Added in Proof 224(7)
References 225(6)
Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-Ray 231(44)
Microanalysis of Concretes
Shondeep L. Sarkar
Xu Aimin
Dipayan Jana
Introduction 231(1)
Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-Ray 232(9)
Microanalysis
Optical Microscopy-Electron Microscopy 232(1)
Transition
Scanning Electron Microscope 233(3)
X-Ray Microanalysis 236(5)
Concrete under the Sem 241(15)
Basic Microstructure of Concrete 241(7)
Admixtures in Concrete 248(8)
Interpretation of Concrete Deterioration 256(10)
from Sem/EDXA
Types of Attack 256(1)
Chemical Deterioration from External 256(9)
Agents
Chemical Deterioration from Internal 265(1)
Agents
Concrete Exposed to Marine Environment 266(1)
Summary 266(9)
References 272(3)
X-Ray Diffraction 275(58)
A. K. Chatterjee
Introduction 275(1)
Basic Principle 276(6)
Qualitative Analysis 276(3)
Quantitative Analysis 279(3)
Developments in Instrumentation 282(4)
Microfocus X-Ray Diffractometer 284(1)
Integrated XRD-XRF System 285(1)
Time Resolved X-Ray Diffraction 285(1)
Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Diffractometry 286(1)
Computers in X-Ray Diffractometry and 286(4)
Software Applications
Ab Initio Structure Determination from 288(1)
Powder Diffraction Data
Full Trace Diffraction Match and Files 288(1)
Quantitative Phase Analysis Using Whole 289(1)
Powder Pattern Fitting
X-Ray Diffractometry of Clinker and Cement 290(23)
Methodological Aspects 291(1)
Identification of Major Phases Present in 292(7)
Cement/Clinker
Semi-Quantitative and Quantitative 299(6)
Estimation of Phases
Quantitative Phase Analysis for Quality 305(3)
Control
Cement Substitute Materials 308(4)
Standardization of X-Ray Diffractometry 312(1)
for Quantitative Phase Analysis
X-Ray Diffractometry of Hydrated Cement 313(5)
Sample Preparation and XRD Study of 314(2)
Hydrated Specimens
Small Angle X-Ray Scattering 316(1)
Application of Certain Quantitative 317(1)
Methods to Cement Substitute Materials
X-Ray Diffractometry in Concrete Chemistry 318(5)
Cement Paste Aggregate Interface 319(1)
Alkali-Silica Reaction 319(2)
Sulfate Minerals 321(2)
Other Studies of Concrete Damages 323(1)
XRD in Miscellaneous Cementitious Systems 323(3)
Conclusions 326(7)
Acknowledgments 327(1)
References 327(6)
Rheology 333(35)
Leslie J. Struble
Xihuang Ji
Introduction 333(1)
Background 334(1)
Suspensions 334(4)
Rheological Behavior of Cement Paste 338(13)
Static Flow Behavior 338(6)
Dynamic Flow Behavior 344(7)
Concrete 351(6)
Flow Behavior 351(2)
Effects of Composition 353(4)
Rheometers 357(11)
Cement Paste 357(2)
Concrete 359(6)
Acknowledgments 365(1)
References 365(3)
Dimensional Changes 368(35)
James J. Beaudoin
Introduction 368(1)
Energetics of Adsorption 369(9)
Length Change Isotherms 369(4)
The Theory of Flood and Heyding 373(5)
Chemical Interactions in Porous Media 378(16)
Volume Instability 378(2)
Expansion of Impregnated Systems 380(3)
Dimensional Change and Alkali-Aggregate 383(3)
Reactivity (AAR)
Sulfate Resistance 386(3)
Dimensional Stability of Cement-Calcium 389(3)
Carbonate Systems
Dimensional Stability of Blended Cement 392(2)
Systems Exposed to Chloride Solutions
Physicochemical Interactions in Porous Media 394(9)
Low Temperature Length Change Isosteres 394(3)
Dimensional Change-Shrinkage and Creep of 397(4)
Cement Systems
References 401(2)
Miniaturized Techniques 403(38)
James J. Beaudoin
Introduction 403(1)
Compacted Powders and Hydrated Cement 404(18)
Pastes as Model Porous Systems
Technique for Preparation of Compacts 405(1)
Sorption Studies 406(5)
Elastic Behavior of Compacted and Paste 411(3)
Hydrated Cement Systems
Compressive Strength of Individual Cement 414(4)
Minerals Determined Using Miniature
Specimens
Evidence for a Model of C-S-H Structure 418(3)
Based on the Application of Miniature
Tests
Remarks 421(1)
Creep and Drying Shrinkage Measurements 422(6)
Creep 422(5)
Drying Shrinkage 427(1)
Volume Instability of Porous Solids 428(8)
Accelerated Test Methods 428(1)
Unsoundness of Lime 429(1)
Failure of White Coat Plasters 430(1)
Unsoundness of Portland Cement Containing 430(2)
MgO and CaO
Durability of Cement Mortars Exposed to 432(3)
Chloride Solution
Miniature Rock Prism Test 435(1)
The Mini-Slump Test 436(5)
References 438(3)
Techniques for Corrosion Investigation in 441(64)
Reinforced Concrete
Gordon Ping Gu
James J. Beaudoin
Vangi S. Ramachandran
Introduction 441(3)
Basic Principles of Corrosion 444(11)
Half-Cell Potential 444(2)
Butler-Volmer Equation 446(1)
The Evans Diagram 447(1)
Mixed Potential Theory 448(4)
Corrosion Rate Controlling Mechanisms 452(2)
The Evans Diagram and Polarization Curve 454(1)
Reinforcing Steel Corrosion in Concrete 455(10)
Concrete Properties 455(2)
Mechanisms of Steel Corrosion in Concrete 457(2)
General Steel Corrosion Process in 459(1)
Concrete
Carbonation Induced Corrosion 460(2)
Chloride Ion Induced Corrosion 462(3)
Corrosion Assessment Techniques 465(31)
Mass Loss 467(1)