Ecotoxicology: A Comprehensive Treatment (Hardcover)

Contents
Hierarchical Ecotoxicology
The Hierarchical Science of Ecotoxicology
?An Overarching Context of Hierarchical Ecotoxicology
?Reductionism vs. Holism Debate
?Requirements in the Science of Ecotoxicology
Organismal Ecotoxicology
The Organismal Ecotoxicology Context
?Organismal Ecotoxicology Defined
?The Value of the Organismal Ecotoxicology Vantage
Biochemistry of Toxicants
?DNA Modification
?Detoxification of Organic Compounds
?Metal Detoxification, Regulation, and Sequestration
?Stress Proteins and Proteotoxicity
?Oxidative Stress
?Enzyme Dysfunction
Heme Biosynthesis Inhibition
?Oxidative Phosphorylation Inhibition
?Narcosis
Cells and Tissues
?Cytotoxicity
?Genotoxicity
?Cancer
?Sequestration and Accumulation
Organs and Organ Systems
?General Integument
?Organs Associated with Gas Exchange
?Circulatory System
?Digestive System
?Liver and Analogous Organs of Invertebrates
?Excretory Organs
?Immune System
?Endocrine System
?Nervous, Sensory, and Motor-Related Organs and Systems
Physiology
?Ionic and Osmotic Regulation
?Acid?Base Regulation
?Respiration and General Metabolism
?Bioenergetics
?Plant-Related Processes
Bioaccumulation
?Uptake
?Biotransformation
?Elimination
Models of Bioaccumulation and Bioavailability
?Bioaccumulation
?Bioavailability
Lethal Effects
?Quantifying Lethality
?Lethality Prediction
Sublethal Effects
?General Categories of Effects
?Quantifying Sublethal Effects
Conclusion
?General
?Some Particularly Key Concepts
?Concluding Remarks
Population Ecotoxicology
The Population Ecotoxicology Context
?Population Ecotoxicology Defined
?The Need for Population Ecotoxicology
?Inferences within and between Biological Levels
Epidemiology: The Study of Disease in Populations
?Foundation Concepts and Metrics in Epidemiology
?Disease Association and Causation
?Infectious Disease and Toxicant-Exposed Populations
?Differences in Sensitivity within and among Populations
Toxicants and Simple Population Models
?Toxicants Effects on Population Size and Dynamics
?Fundamentals of Population Dynamics
?Population Stability
?Spatial Distributions of Individuals in Populations
Toxicants and Population Demographics
?Demography: Adding Individual Heterogeneity to Population Models
?Matrix Forms of Demographic Models
Phenogenetics of Exposed Populations
?Toxicants and the Principle of Allocation (Concept of Strategy)
?Developmental Stability in Populations
Population Genetics: Damage and Stochastic Dynamics of the Germ Line
Direct Damage to the Germ Line
?Indirect Change to the Germ Line
?Genetic Diversity and Evolutionary Potential
Population Genetics: Natural Selection
?Overview of Natural Selection
?Estimating Differential Fitness and Natural Selection
?Ecotoxicology’s Tradition of Tolerance
Conclusion
?Overview
?Some Particularly Key Concepts
?Concluding Remarks
Community Ecotoxicology
Introduction to Community Ecotoxicology
?Definitions?Community Ecology and Ecotoxicology
?Historical Perspective of Community Ecology and Ecotoxicology
?Are Communities More Than the Sum of Individual Populations?
?Communities within the Hierarchy of Biological Organization
?Contemporary Topics in Community Ecotoxicology
Biotic and Abiotic Factors that Regulate Communities
?Characterizing Community Structure and Organization
?Changes in Species Diversity and Composition along Environmental Gradients
?The Role of Keystone Species in Community Regulation
?The Role of Species Interactions in Community Ecology and Ecotoxicology
?Environmental Factors and Species Interactions
Biomonitoring and the Responses of Communities to Contaminants
?Biomonitoring and Biological Integrity
?Conventional Approaches
?Biomonitoring and Community-Level Assessments
?Development and Application of Rapid Bioassessment Protocols
?Regional Reference Conditions
?Integrated Assessments of Biological Integrity
?Limitations of Biomonitoring
Experimental Approaches in Community Ecology and Ecotoxicology
?Experimental Approaches in Basic Community Ecology
?Experimental Approaches in Community Ecotoxicology
?Microcosms and Mesocosms
?Whole Ecosystem Manipulations
?What is the Appropriate Experimental Approach for Community Ecotoxicology?
Application of Multimetric and Multivariate Approaches in Community Ecotoxicology
?Multimetric
?Multivariate Approaches
Disturbance Ecology and the Responses of Communities to Contaminants
?The Importance of Disturbance in Structuring Communities
?Community Stability and Species Diversity
?Relationship between Natural and Anthropogenic Disturbance
?Contemporary Hypotheses to Explain Community Responses to Anthropogenic Disturbance
?Biotic and Abiotic Factors that Influence Community Recovery
?Influence of Environmental Variability on Resistance and Resilience
?Quantifying the Effects of Compound Perturbations
Community Responses to Global and Atmospheric Stressors
?CO₂ and Climate Change
?Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
?Acid Deposition
?Interactions among Global Atmospheric Stressors
Effects of Contaminants on Trophic Structure and FoodWebs
Basic Principles of FoodWeb Ecology
Effects of Contaminants on Food Chains and FoodWeb Structure
Conclusions
?General
?Some Particularly Key Concepts
Ecosystem Ecotoxicology
?Introduction to Ecosystem Ecology and Ecotoxicology
?Background and Definitions
?Ecosystem Ecology and Ecotoxicology: A Historical Context
?Challenges to the Study of Whole Systems
?The Role of Ecosystem Theory
?Recent Developments in Ecosystem Science
?Ecosytem Ecotoxicology
?Links from Community to Ecosystem Ecotoxicology
Overview of Ecosystem Processes
?Bioenergetics and Energy Flow through Ecosytems
?Nutrient Cycling and Materials Flow through Ecosystems
?Decomposition and Organic Matter Processing
Descriptive Approaches for Assessing Ecosystem Responses to Contaminants
Descriptive Approaches in Aquatic Ecosystems
Terrestrial Ecosystems
The Use of Microcosms, Mesocosms, and Field Experiments to Assess Ecosystem Responses to Contaminants and Other Stressors
Microcosm and Mesocosm Experiments
?Whole Ecosystem Experiments
Patterns and Processes: The Relationship between Species Diversity and Ecosystem Function
Species Diversity and Ecosystem Function
The Relationship between Ecosystem Function and Ecosystem Services
?Future Research Directions and Implications of the Diversity?Ecosystem Function Relationship for Ecotoxicology
?Ecological Thresholds and the Diversity?Ecosystem Function Relationship
Fate and Transport of Contaminants in Ecosystems
Bioconcentration, Bioaccumulation, Biomagnification, and Food Chain Transfer
?Modeling Contaminant Movement in FoodWebs
?Ecological Influences on Food Chain Transport of Contaminants
Effects of Global Atmospheric Stressors on Ecosystem Processes
?Nitrogen Deposition and Acidification
?Ultraviolet Radiation
?Increased CO2 and Global Climate Change
?Interactions among Global Atmospheric Stressors
?
Ecotoxicology: A Comprehensive Treatment?Conclusion
Conclusion
?Overarching Issues
?Summary: Sapere Aude
Index