Industrial Gas Handbook: Gas Separation and Purification (Hardcover)

Gas Separation and Purification of Industrial Gases Introduction Thermodynamics Summary References Industrial Applications Early Development of Industrial Liquefaction Systems Heat Exchangers Expansion Machines Contemporary Liquefaction Cycles Linde Cycle (Free Expansion through a Valve) Theoretical Analysis of the Claude Cycle Kapitza Cycle Cascade Cycle References Further Reading Air Separation Technology Air Separation Overview Theoretical Considerations of Fractionation Practical Considerations Operational Control Product Recovery Optimum Reflux Distillation Equipment Development of Low Oxygen-Purity Processes Exergy References Rare (Noble) Gases Helium Neon Argon Krypton and Xenon References Further Reading Front-End Purification Systems Historical Background Design of Current Front-End Purification Systems Process Operation Safety Activated Aluminas for Front-End Purification Systems References Further Reading on the Subject of Adsorption and Carbon Dioxide Build-up Product Liquefaction, Storage, and Transportation Background Product Liquefaction Cryogenic Storage Facilities Cryogenic Pumps Cryogenic Liquid Vaporizers References Insulation General Industrial Practices Cold Box Design for Insulation Externally Located Process and Transfer Piping Insulation for Liquid Storage Tanks and Vessels Vacuum Pumping Systems References For Further Study and Review Special Gases Hydrogen Carbon Monoxide High-Purity Nitrogen Carbon Dioxide Ozone Methane References Further Reading on LNG Noncryogenic Separations Permeable Membrane Separation Gas Separation by Adsorption Nitrogen Recovery References Additional Reading on Noncryogenic Separations Cryogenic Equipment, Materials, and Machinery Heat Exchangers Parameters of Design Basic Principles Typical Example for Designing Tubular Heat Exchangers Brazed Aluminum Heat Exchangers Effectiveness (c) Operability Efficiency (h) Industrial Applications Development of Brazed Aluminum Heat Exchangers Vacuum Brazed Heat Exchangers Mechanical Construction Limitations Operation and Maintenance References Further Reading Expansion Machines Expansion Machines Reciprocating Expansion Engine Radial Expansion Machines Process Applications Operational Factor (Air Separation Plants) Refrigeration Availability Process Technology Expansion Turbine Efficiency Expansion Turbine Losses Measuring Efficiency Various Expansion Turbine Systems Mechanical Design Parameters Instrumentation and Control Spares General Applications for Expansion Machines References Supplementary Reading Compressors Compressors Definitions Centrifugal Compressors Axial?Centrifugal Compressors Axial Compressors Integrally Geared Centrifugal Compressors (API-Standard-672) Product Oxygen Compressors (RIO) High-Pressure Labyrinth Piston Compressor Compressor Drivers Operating Reliability versus Capital Costs of Compressors Applicable Compressor Correction Factors Variables Summary of Factors Application of Factors References Valves and Valve Stations for the Cryogenic Industry General Design and Materials General Design in Sizing Sizing Parameters Valve Categories Nonmetallic Material Manufacturers of Fluorinated Polymers Warm End Switching Valves Flow Control Check Valves Cryogenic Process Valves (General) Hand-Operated Cryogenic Valves Process Control Valves Product Flow Control Valves Valve Connections Insulation and Casing Designs for Cryogenic Valves Liquid Purge Valves Automatic Control of Cryogenic Valves Cryogenic Liquid Storage Valves Pressure Safety Relief Valves: Overview Maintenance of Cryogenic Valves Valve Stations: General Valve Station Design Destruction of a Pressure Reduction Station Recommendations Applicable to Pressure-Reducing Stations Further Reading Instrumentation and Controls Overview General Requirements Controls and Control System Philosophy Minimum Instrumentation Possible Specific Requirements of Owner or Operator Safety Safety Overview Chemistry of Ignition, Combustion, and Explosion Critical Areas in an Air Separation Plant Purification Systems Parameters for the Safe Design of a Process Cycle General Design Procedures Limits of Contaminants and Analysis Rotating Machines and Other Equipment Safe Practices Summary Safety in the Design of Dynamic Oxygen Systems Causes of Combustion Test Procedures and Results as Explained by de Jessey The Following Recommendations Are in Order Consideration of Dynamic Oxygen Conditions References For Further Reading Cleaning for Oxygen Systems Overview General Considerations Cleaning Requirements for Oxygen Systems Equipment other than Piping Cleaning Procedures for Carbon Steel Piping Cleaning Procedures Available Cleaning Agents Preparation of Cleaning Agents Drying Gases Testing and Inspection Procedures Ancillary Tools and Equipment Labor Force Protection and Storage References Economics General Overview Historical Background Post?World War II Development Economic Overview Energy Costs Investment Costs in General Operating Costs Maintenance Marketing History of Industrial Gases Challenging Market Conditions Investing in a Project Envoi Appendix Index