The Atlantic World: A History, 1400 - 1888 (Paperback)

Introduction 1

Method 4

Selected Readings 6

Chapter One. Conceptualizing the Atlantic World 9

The Atlantic and Its Continental Boundaries 13

Atlantic People in 1450 17

European 19

Africans 22

Americans 24

Geographic Constraints and Cultural Divergence 30

Selected Readings 37

Chapter Two. The Roots of an Atlantic System, 110-1492 41

Europeans and Sugar in the Mediterranean and Eastern Atlantic 44

Into the Atlantic 49

Sub-Saharan States and Empires 54

Portugal’s “Guinea of Cape Verde” 58

Lower Guinea and the Kongo 64

The North Atlantic 66

An Age of Territorial Expansion: The Empires of the Western Atlantic 68

Selected Readings 75

Chapter Three. Iberians in America, 1492-1550 77

The Spanish in the Caribbean 81

The Portuguese in Brazil 88

Spanish Mainland Expeditions 92

Spanish Expansion into South America 101

Establishing Spanish Rule 104

Spain’s Advancing Frontiers 109

Selected Readings 112

Chapter Four. European Rivalries and Atlantic Repercussions, 1500-1650 115

A Fractured Unity 117

Taking Quarrels out of Europe 129

The Western Atlantic Entrepreneurs, Pirates, and Trading Posts 131

North Atlantic Settlements 138

Undermining Spain: Africa and Commerce 142

The Rise of the Dutch 143

Selected Readings 147

Chapter Five. Labor, Migration, and Settlement: Europeans and Indians, 1500-1800 149

Indian Labor Systems 150

European Laborers and Migrants 161

Settlements 168

Plantations 173

Family Settlement and Religious Migrations 178

Selected Readings 183

Chapter Six. The Transatlantic Slave Trade and Slavery in the Americas, 1580-1780 185

Appetites for Sugar—and Labor 187

Captives and Trade Goods in Africa 191

The Middle Passage 197

Slavery in the Americas 202

Maroon Settlements and Slave Revolts 208

Selected Readings 213

Chapter Seven. Trade in the Atlantic World, 1580-1780 217

Urban and Regional Transformations 218

The Cultures of Consumption 228

Transformations in Africa in the Wake of the Slave Trade 240

Selected Readings 251

Chapter Eight. Racial and Cultural Mixture in the Atlantic World, 1450-1830 255

The Atlantic’s New People 256

Africa’s Coastal Cosmopolitans 258

Cultural Transformations in the Western Atlantic 263

European and Africa Ethnicities in the Western Atlantic 266

Indigenous Responses and Cultural Innovations 271

Free People of Color 278

Selected Readings 288

Chapter Nine. The Atlantic Shrinks: War, Reform, and Resistance, 1689-1790 291

Eighteenth-Century Atlantic Warfare and Its Consequences 293

Total War 296

The Regional Impact of Warfare 298

War, Peace, and Geographic Ignorance 303

An Age of Imperial Reform 305

Resistance and Rebellion 315

Selected Readings 320

Chapter Ten. The First Imperial Rupture, 1754-1783 323

The Nine Years’ War 325

The Reshaping of the Americas 331

British Imperial Reform and Anglo-American Political Culture 334

The War Widens 341

Declaring Independence and Building Republics 343

Loyalists: Red, White, and Black 348

More Atlantic Repercussions 353

Selected Readings 357

Chapter Eleven. Revolutions and Counterrevolutions: The Season of Irony, 1789-1804 361

What is That in Your Hand? 362

Where Does It Bloom 365

The Tricolor in Black and White 365

The Reign of Terror 371

Washington’s Dilemma 372

The Thermidorian Reaction 375

The Haitian Détente 377

The Revolutions of 1800 and 1804? 385

Selected Readings 389

Chapter Twelve. The Ebb and Flow of Empire, 1804-1830 391

Independence: Northern South America 395

Independence: The Southern Cone 399

Independence: New Spain 405

Independence: Brazil 410

British Triangulation and Neoimperialism 414

Atlantic Africa 416

The Monroe Doctrine 419

The Panama Congress 422

Selected Readings 425

Chapter Thirteen. Industrialism and a New Imperialism, 1780-1850 427

Mercantile Capitalism Transformed 427

The Market Revolution and the American South 430

Thomas Jefferson: Unwitting Industrial Promoter 434

An Army of Redressers 439

Migration in an Industrial Age 441

Economic Neo-Colonialism 447

Atlantic Africa: New Exports, Cheap Imports, Heightened Dependence 452

Selected Readings 458

Chapter Fourteen. Abolishing Slavery in the Western Atlantic, 1750-1888 461

Abolition: The Early Years 462

Abolition by Law 468

Stopping the Slave Trade 473

The End of Slavery in Europe and the Americas 476

Abolition and Africa 482

Labor in the Post-Emancipation Period 485

Reconfiguring the Global Process 491

Selected Readings 493

Index 494