Environmental Process Analysis: Principles and Modeling (Hardcover)

· 제목 : Environmental Process Analysis: Principles and Modeling (Hardcover) 
· 분류 : 외국도서 > 과학/수학/생태 > 과학 > 화학 > 유기화학
· ISBN : 9781118115015
· 쪽수 : 632쪽
· 출판일 : 2013-12-09

Preface xiii

Acknowledgments xvii

1. Introductory Remarks 1

1.1 Perspective / 1

1.2 Organization and Objectives / 2

1.3 Approach / 8

2. Water 11

2.1 Perspective / 11

2.2 Important Properties of Water / 12

3. Concentration Units for Gases, Liquids, and Solids 16

3.1 Selected Concentration Units / 16

3.2 The Ideal Gas Law and Gas Phase Concentration Units / 20

3.3 Aqueous Concentration Units / 23

3.4 Applications of Volume Fraction Units / 28

4. The Law of Mass Action and Chemical Equilibria 36

4.1 Perspective / 36

4.2 The Law of Mass Action / 37

4.3 Gas/Water Distributions / 38

4.4 Acid/Base Systems / 39

4.5 Metal Complexation Systems / 40

4.6 Water/Solid Systems (Solubility/Dissolution) / 41

4.7 Oxidation/Reduction Half Reactions / 43

5. Air / Water Distribution: Henry’s Law 44

5.1 Perspective / 44

5.2 Henry’s Law Constants / 46

5.3 Applications of Henry’s Law / 51

6. Acid/Base Component Distributions 64

6.1 Perspective / 64

6.2 Proton Abundance in Aqueous Solutions: pH and the Ion Product of Water / 65

6.3 Acid Dissociation Constants / 69

6.4 Mole Accounting Relations / 70

6.5 Combination of Mole Balance and Acid/Base Equilibria / 74

6.6 Alkalinity, Acidity, and the Carbonate System / 82

6.7 Applications of Acid/Base Principles in Selected Environmental Contexts / 91

7. Mass Balance, Ideal Reactors, and Mixing 119

7.1 Perspective / 119

7.2 The Mass Balance / 120

7.3 Residence Time Distribution (RTD) Analyses / 121

7.4 Exit Responses for Ideal Reactors / 125

7.5 Modeling of Mixing in Ideal CMFRs / 130

7.6 Applications of CMFR Mixing Principles in Environmental Systems / 144

8. Reactions in Ideal Reactors 157

8.1 Perspective / 157

8.2 Chemical Stoichiometry and Mass/Volume Relations / 158

8.3 Reactions in Ideal Reactors / 171

8.4 Applications of Reactions in Ideal Reactors / 183

8.5 Interfacial Mass Transfer in Ideal Reactors / 216

9. Reactions in Nonideal Reactors 265

9.1 Perspective / 265

9.2 Exit Concentration Versus Time Traces / 266

9.3 Residence Time Distribution Density / 267

9.4 Cumulative Residence Time Distributions / 271

9.5 Characterization of RTD Distributions / 272

9.6 Models for Addressing Longitudinal Dispersion in Reactors / 275

9.7 Modeling Reactions in CMFRs in Series (TiS) Reactors / 280

9.8 Modeling Reactions with the Plug-Flow with Dispersion Model / 282

9.9 Modeling Reactions Using the Segregated Flow (SF) Model / 289

9.10 Applications of Nonideal Reactor Models / 291

9.11 Considerations for Analyses of Spatially Variant Processes / 305

9.12 Modeling Utilization and Growth in PFR-Like Reactors Using TiS and SF / 318

10. Acid-Base Advanced Principles 335

10.1 Perspective / 335

10.2 Activity Coefficient / 336

10.3 Temperature Dependence of Equilibrium Constants / 344

10.4 Nonideal Conjugate Acid/Conjugate Base Distributions / 350

10.5 The Proton Balance (Proton Condition) / 358

10.6 Analyses of Solutions Prepared by Addition of Acids, Bases, and Salts to Water / 365

10.7 Analysis of Mixed Aqueous Solutions / 380

10.8 Acid and Base Neutralizing Capacity / 396

10.9 Activity Versus Concentration for Nonelectrolytes / 417

11. Metal Complexation and Solubility 439

11.1 Perspective / 439

11.2 Hydration of Metal Ions / 440

11.3 Cumulative Formation Constants / 441

11.4 Formation Equilibria for Solids / 447

11.5 Speciation of Metals in Aqueous Solutions Containing Ligands / 448

11.6 Metal Hydroxide Solubility / 456

11.7 Solubility of Metal Carbonates / 467

11.8 Solubility of Other Metal–Ligand Solids / 511

12. Oxidation and Reduction 519

12.1 Perspective / 519

12.2 Redox Half Reactions / 520

12.3 The Nernst Equation / 533

12.4 Electron Availability in Environmental Systems / 535

Appendices 571

References 599

Index 602