[eBook Code] X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy for the Chemical and Materials Sciences (eBook Code, 1st)

· 제목 : [eBook Code] X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy for the Chemical and Materials Sciences (eBook Code, 1st) 
· 분류 : 외국도서 > 기술공학 > 기술공학 > 재료과학
· ISBN : 9781118676189
· 쪽수 : 224쪽

About the Author ix

Preface xi

Acknowledgments xiii

Glossary and Abbreviations xv

1 Introduction to X?]Ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) 1

1.1 Materials: Texture and Order 1

1.2 Absorption and Emission of X?]Rays 2

1.3 XANES and EXAFS 2

1.4 Information

Content 3

1.5 Using X?]Ray Sources as They Were 4

1.6 Using Light Sources Now and To Be 5

1.7 Questions 7

References 8

2 Basis of XAFS 9

2.1 Interactions of X?]Rays With Matter 9

2.1.1 Absorption Coefficients 9

2.1.2 Absorption Edges 10

2.1.3 XANES and EXAFS 12

2.1.3.1 XANES Features 13

2.1.3.2 Edge Position 16

2.1.3.3 The EXAFS Effect 19

2.1.3.4 EXAFS Quantification 21

2.2 Secondary Emissions 24

2.2.1 X?]Ray Fluorescence 26

2.2.2 Electron Emission 28

2.2.3 Resonant Inelastic X?]Ray Scattering or Spectroscopy (RIXS) 29

2.3 Effects of Polarization 30

2.3.1 Plane (Linear) Polarization 30

2.3.2 Circular Polarization 30

2.3.3 Magnetic Dichroism 30

2.4 Questions 31

References 32

3 X?]Ray Sources and Beamlines 33

3.1 Storage Rings 33

3.1.1 Second?] and Third?]Generation Sources 33

3.1.2 Bending Magnet Radiation 34

3.1.3 Insertion Devices 38

3.1.3.1 Wavelength Shifters and Multipole Wigglers 38

3.1.3.2 Planar Undulators 38

3.1.3.3 Helical Undulators 41

3.1.4 Time Structure 41

3.2 Other Sources 43

3.2.1 Laboratory Sources 43

3.2.2 Plasma Sources 44

3.2.3 High Harmonic Generation 44

3.2.4 Free Electron Lasers (FELs) 44

3.3 Beamline Architecture 45

3.3.1 Mirrors 48

3.3.2 Monochromators 49

3.3.3 Near?]Sample Focusing Elements 55

3.3.3.1 Kirkpatrick?]Baez (KB) Mirrors 55

3.3.3.2 X?]Ray Lenses 56

3.3.3.3 Zone Plates 56

3.4 Effect of Photon Energy on Experiment Design 57

3.5 Questions 58

References 59

4 Experimental Methods 61

4.1 Sample Characteristics 62

4.1.1 X?]Ray Absorption of Samples 62

4.1.2 Classes of Experimental Layouts 63

4.2 Scanning Modes 64

4.2.1 Scanning XAFS 64

4.2.2 Energy Dispersive XAFS 66

4.3 Detection Methods 67

4.3.1 Transmission 67

4.3.2 Electron Yield 74

4.3.3 Fluorescence 76

4.3.3.1 Total Fluorescence Yield 79

4.3.3.2 High?]Resolution Fluorescence Detection (HERFD) and X?]Ray Emission Spectroscopy (XES) 86

4.3.3.3 Resonant Inelastic X?]Ray Scattering or Spectroscopy (RIXS) 90

4.3.3.4 Inelastic X?]Ray Raman Scattering (XRS) or Nonresonant Inelastic X?]Ray Scattering (NIXS) 91

4.3.4 X?]Ray Excited Optical Luminescence (XEOL) 94

4.4 Spatial Resolution 95

4.4.1 Methods of Studying Textured Materials 95

4.4.2 Full?]Field Transmission X?]Ray Microscopy (TXM) 96

4.4.3 X?]Ray Photoelectron Emission Microscopy (X?]PEEM) 99

4.4.4 Focused?]Beam Microscopies 100

4.4.4.1 Scanning Micro?] and Nano?]Focus Microscopy 100

4.4.4.2 Scanning (Transmission) X?]Ray Microscopy (STXM) 102

4.5 Combining Techniques 103

4.5.1 Two?]Color XAFS 103

4.5.2 X?]Ray Scattering 104

4.6 X?]Ray Free Electron Lasers (XFELs) 106

4.6.1 Laser?]Pump Measurements 107

4.6.2 Sampling Environments 108

4.6.3 X?]Ray Beam Intensity 109

4.6.4 XAS and XES 109

4.7 Questions 110

References 111

5 Data Analysis and Simulation Methods 117

5.1 Background Subtraction 119

5.1.1 Experimental Considerations 119

5.1.2 Background Subtraction Procedures 121

5.2 Compositional Analysis 123

5.2.1 Single Energy Comparisons 123

5.2.2 Least Squares Analysis 124

5.2.3 Principal Component Analysis 126

5.2.4 Mapping Procedures 129

5.3 Structural Analysis 130

5.3.1 EXAFS Analysis 130

5.3.1.1 Distance Measurement 132

5.3.1.2 Angle Estimation 133

5.3.1.3 Coordination Number Estimation 138

5.3.1.4 Speciation of Back?]Scattering Elements 140

5.3.1.5 Goodness of Fit 143

5.3.2 XANES Simulations 145

5.3.2.1 K Edge XANES 145

5.3.2.2 L Edge XANES 146

5.3.3 XES and RIXS Simulations 150

5.4 Present To Future Opportunities 153

5.5 Questions 154

References 155

6 Case Studies 163

6.1 Chemical Processing 164

6.1.1 Liquid Phase Reactions 164

6.1.1.1 Steady State or Slow Reactions (Minutes?]Hours) 165

6.1.1.2 Fast Reactions (Ms to Minutes) 166

6.1.1.3 Very Fast Reactions (~100 ps – ms) 173

6.1.1.4 Ultrafast Reactions (fs – ps) 177

6.1.2 Reactions of Solid?]State Materials 178

6.1.2.1 Steady?]State or Slow Reactions (Minutes?]Hours) 179

6.1.2.2 Fast Reactions (Ms to Minutes) 181

6.2 Functional Materials 184

6.3 Imaging on Natural, Environmental, and Heritage Materials 186

6.4 Questions 191

References 193

Index 197