[eBook Code] Introduction to Biostatistical Applications in Health Research with Microsoft Office Excel (eBook Code, 1st)

Preface ix

Acknowledgements xi

Notices xiii

About The Companion Website xv

Part One Basic Concepts 1

1 Thinking about Chance 3

1.1 Properties of Probability 3

1.2 Combinations of Events 7

1.2.1 Intersections 8

1.2.2 Unions 13

1.3 Bayes’ Theorem 15

2 Describing Distributions 18

2.1 Types of Data 19

2.2 Describing Distributions Graphically 19

2.2.1 Graphing Discrete Data 20

2.2.2 Graphing Continuous Data 22

2.3 Describing Distributions Mathematically 26

2.3.1 Parameter of Location 27

2.3.2 Parameter of Dispersion 31

2.4 Taking Chance into Account 38

2.4.1 Standard Normal Distribution 39

3 Examining Samples 49

3.1 Nature of Samples 50

3.2 Estimation 51

3.2.1 Point Estimates 51

3.2.2 The Sampling Distribution 56

3.2.3 Interval Estimates 60

3.3 Hypothesis Testing 64

3.3.1 Relationship between Interval Estimation and Hypothesis Testing 72

Part Two Univariable Analyses 75

4 Univariable Analysis of a Continuous Dependent Variable 79

4.1 Student’s t-Distribution 81

4.2 Interval Estimation 84

4.3 Hypothesis Testing 86

5 Univariable Analysis of an Ordinal Dependent Variable 90

5.1 Nonparametric Methods 90

5.2 Estimation 94

5.3 Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test 95

5.4 Statistical Power of Nonparametric Tests 97

6 Univariable Analysis of a Nominal Dependent Variable 99

6.1 Distribution of Nominal Data 100

6.2 Point Estimates 101

6.2.1 Proportions 101

6.2.2 Rates 104

6.3 Sampling Distributions 108

6.3.1 Binomial Distribution 108

6.3.2 Poisson Distribution 112

6.4 Interval Estimation 114

6.5 Hypothesis Testing 117

Part Three Bivariable Analyses 121

7 Bivariable Analysis of a Continuous Dependent Variable 123

7.1 Continuous Independent Variable 123

7.1.1 Regression Analysis 125

7.1.2 Correlation Analysis 149

7.2 Ordinal Independent Variable 165

7.3 Nominal Independent Variable 166

7.3.1 Estimating the Difference between the Groups 166

7.3.2 Taking Chance into Account 167

8 Bivariable Analysis of an Ordinal Dependent Variable 175

8.1 Ordinal Independent Variable 176

8.2 Nominal Independent Variable 184

9 Bivariable Analysis of a Nominal Dependent Variable 189

9.1 Continuous Independent Variable 190

9.1.1 Estimation 191

9.1.2 Hypothesis Testing 198

9.2 Nominal Independent Variable 200

9.2.1 Dependent Variable Not Affected by Time: Unpaired Design 201

9.2.2 Hypothesis Testing 208

9.2.3 Dependent Variable Not Affected by Time: Paired Design 218

9.2.4 Dependent Variable Affected by Time 223

Part Four Multivariable Analyses 227

10 Multivariable Analysis of a Continuous Dependent Variable 229

10.1 Continuous Independent Variables 230

10.1.1 Multiple Regression Analysis 231

10.1.2 Multiple Correlation Analysis 247

10.2 Nominal Independent Variables 248

10.2.1 Analysis of Variance 249

10.2.2 Posterior Testing 258

10.3 Both Continuous and Nominal Independent Variables 265

10.3.1 Indicator (Dummy) Variables 266

10.3.2 Interaction Variables 267

10.3.3 General Linear Model 273

11 Multivariable Analysis of an Ordinal Dependent Variable 281

11.1 Nonparametric Analysis of Variance 282

11.2 Posterior Testing 288

12 Multivariable Analysis of a Nominal Dependent Variable 293

12.1 Continuous And/or Nominal Independent Variables 294

12.1.1 Maximum Likelihood Estimation 294

12.1.2 Logistic Regression Analysis 297

12.1.3 Cox Regression Analysis 306

12.2 Nominal Independent Variables 307

12.2.1 Stratified Analysis 308

12.2.2 Relationship between Stratified Analysis and Logistic Regression 318

12.2.3 Life Table Analysis 322

Appendix A: Flowcharts 335

Appendix B: Statistical Tables 341

Appendix C: Standard Distributions 377

Appendix D: Excel Primer 380

Index 385