[eBook Code] Principles and Applications of Ubiquitous Sensing (eBook Code, 1st)

· 제목 : [eBook Code] Principles and Applications of Ubiquitous Sensing (eBook Code, 1st) 
· 분류 : 외국도서 > 기술공학 > 기술공학 > 전자공학 > 일반
· ISBN : 9781119091332
· 쪽수 : 368쪽

Preface xiii

About the Companion Website xv

List of Abbreviations xvii

1 Introduction 1

1.1 System Overview 2

1.1.1 Sensing System 2

1.1.2 Conditioning System 3

1.1.3 Analogue-to-digital Signal Conversion 3

1.1.4 Processor 4

1.2 Example: AWireless Electrocardiogram 4

1.3 Organisation of the Book 7

2 Applications 9

2.1 Civil Infrastructure Monitoring 9

2.1.1 Bridges and Buildings 10

2.1.2 Water Pipelines 17

2.2 Medical Diagnosis and Monitoring 21

2.2.1 Parkinson’s Disease 21

2.2.2 Alzheimer’s Disease 25

2.2.3 Sleep Apnea and Medical Journalling 26

2.2.4 Asthma 28

2.2.5 Gastroparesis 31

2.3 Water-quality Monitoring 34

References 39

3 Conditioning Circuits 44

3.1 Voltage and Current Sources 44

3.2 Transfer Function 45

3.3 Impedance Matching 51

3.4 Filters 56

3.5 Amplification 61

3.5.1 Closed-loop Amplifiers 63

3.5.2 Difference Amplifier 65

References 70

4 Electrical Sensing 72

4.1 Resistive Sensing 73

4.2 Capacitive Sensing 78

4.3 Inductive Sensing 84

4.4 Thermoelectric Effect 91

References 94

5 Ultrasonic Sensing 96

5.1 UltrasonicWave Propagation 100

5.2 Wave Equation 106

5.3 Factors Affecting UltrasonicWave Propagation 108

References 111

6 Optical Sensing 114

6.1 Photoelectric Effect 116

6.2 Compton Effect 120

6.3 Pair Production 126

6.4 Raman Scattering 127

6.5 Surface Plasmon Resonance 131

References 133

7 Magnetic Sensing 136

7.1 Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices 136

7.1.1 DC-SQUID 139

7.1.2 RF-SQUID 141

7.2 Anisotropic Magnetoresistive Sensing 142

7.3 Giant Magnetoresistance 148

7.4 Tunnelling Magnetoresistance 151

7.5 Hall-effect Sensing 155

References 157

8 Medical Sensing 160

8.1 Excitable Cells and Biopotentials 161

8.1.1 Resting Potential 162

8.1.2 Channel Current 166

8.1.3 Action Potentials 166

8.1.4 Propagation of Action Potentials 167

8.1.5 Measuring Action Potentials 171

8.2 Cardiac Action Potentials 175

8.2.1 Propagation of Cardiac Action Potentials 177

8.2.2 The Electrocardiogram 180

8.2.2.1 Re-entry 181

8.2.2.2 Loss of Membrane Potential 182

8.2.2.3 Afterdepolarisations 183

8.3 Brain Action Potentials 185

8.3.1 Electroencephalography 188

8.3.2 Volume Conduction 193

8.3.3 Electrode Placement 195

References 198

9 Microelectromechanical Systems 202

9.1 Miniaturisation and Scaling 202

9.1.1 Physical Properties 203

9.1.2 Mechanical Properties 203

9.1.3 Thermal Properties 204

9.1.4 Electrical and Magnetic Properties 205

9.1.5 Fluid Properties 205

9.1.6 Chemical Properties 206

9.1.7 Optical Properties 206

9.2 Technology 206

9.2.1 Growth and Deposition 207

9.2.2 Photolithography 207

9.2.3 Etching 209

9.3 Micromachining 209

9.3.1 Surface Micromachining 210

9.3.2 Bulk Micromachining 211

9.3.2.1 Reactive Ion Etching 212

9.3.2.2 Micromolding 215

9.3.2.3 Non-silicon Micromolding 216

9.3.2.4 Plastic Micromolding 217

9.4 System Integration 218

9.5 Micromechanical Sensors 220

9.5.1 Pressure and Force Sensors 220

9.5.1.1 Piezoelectric Effect 222

9.5.1.2 Piezoresistance 226

9.5.1.3 Fabrication of a Piezoresistive Sensor 227

9.5.2 Flow Sensors 227

9.5.2.1 Floating Plate 228

9.5.2.2 Artificial Hair Cell 231

9.5.3 Accelerometers 234

9.5.3.1 Fabrication of an Accelerometer 235

9.5.4 Gyroscopes 236

9.5.4.1 Fabrication of a Gyroscope 246

References 249

10 Energy Harvesting 253

10.1 Factors Affecting the Choice of an Energy Source 253

10.1.1 Sensing Lifetime 254

10.1.2 Sensor Load 254

10.1.3 Energy Source 255

10.1.4 Storage 256

10.1.5 Regulation 257

10.2 Architecture 263

10.3 Prototypes 265

10.3.1 Microsolar Panel 265

10.3.2 Microgenerator 269

10.3.3 Piezoelectricity 272

References 275

11 Sensor Selection and Integration 278

11.1 Sensor Selection 278

11.1.1 Accuracy 278

11.1.2 Sensitivity 280

11.1.3 Zero-offset 280

11.1.4 Reproducibility 280

11.1.5 Span 281

11.1.6 Stability 281

11.1.7 Resolution 282

11.1.8 Selectivity 282

11.1.9 Response Time 282

11.1.10 Self-heating 282

11.1.11 Hysteresis 283

11.1.12 Ambient Condition 283

11.1.13 Overload Characteristics 283

11.1.14 Operating Life 284

11.1.15 Cost, Size, andWeight 284

11.2 Example: Temperature Sensor Selection 284

11.2.1 Resistance Temperature Detectors 284

11.2.2 Thermistors 285

11.2.3 Thermocouples 286

11.2.4 Infrared 286

11.3 Sensor Integration 287

11.3.1 Dead Volume 287

11.3.2 Self-heating 287

11.3.3 Internal Heat Sources 294

11.3.3.1 External Heat and Radiation Sources 296

References 296

12 Estimation 298

12.1 Sensor Error as a Random Variable 299

12.2 Zero-offset Error 303

12.3 Conversion Error 305

12.4 Accumulation of Error 309

12.4.1 The Central LimitTheorem 313

12.5 Combining Evidence 315

12.5.1 Weighted Sum 316

12.5.2 Maximum-likelihood Estimation 322

12.5.3 Minimum Mean Square Error Estimation 325

12.5.4 Kalman Filter 328

12.5.5 The Kalman Filter Formalism 334

References 335

Index 337