[eBook Code] Communication Engineering Principles (eBook Code, 2nd)

· 제목 : [eBook Code] Communication Engineering Principles (eBook Code, 2nd) 
· 분류 : 외국도서 > 기술공학 > 기술공학 > 텔레커뮤니케이션
· ISBN : 9781119273967
· 쪽수 : 944쪽

Preface 0-3

Acknowledgements 0-7

1 OVERVIEW OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 1-3

1.1 INTRODUCTION 1-4

1.2 NON-ELECTRICAL TELECOMMUNICATION 1-5

1.2.1 VERBAL NON-ELECTRICAL TELECOMMUNICATION 1-5

1.2.2 VISUAL NON-ELECTRICAL TELECOMMUNICATION 1-8

1.2.2.1 Flags, Smoke and Bonfires 1-8

1.2.2.2 Heliography 1-9

1.2.2.3 Semaphore 1-9

1.2.2.4 Demerits of Visual Non-electrical Telecommunication 1-11

1.3 MODERN TELECOMMUNICATION 1-12

1.3.1 DEVELOPMENTS IN CHARACTER CODES 1-14

1.3.1.1 Morse Code 1-14

1.3.1.2 Baudot Code 1-15

1.3.1.3 Hollerith Code 1-17

1.3.1.4 EBCDIC Code 1-18

1.3.1.5 ASCII Code 1-19

1.3.1.6 ISO 8859 Code 1-22

1.3.1.7 Unicode 1-23

1.3.2 DEVELOPMENTS IN SERVICES 1-27

1.3.2.1 Telegram 1-27

1.3.2.2 Telex 1-28

1.3.2.3 Facsimile 1-29

1.3.2.4 The Digital Era 1-31

1.3.3 DEVELOPMENTS IN TRANSMISSION MEDIA 1-34

1.3.3.1 Copper Cable 1-35

1.3.3.2 Radio 1-37

1.3.3.3 Optical Fibre 1-41

1.4 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM ELEMENTS 1-44

1.4.1 INFORMATION SOURCE 1-45

1.4.1.1 Audio Input Devices 1-45

1.4.1.2 Video Input Devices 1-47

1.4.1.3 Data Input Devices 1-47

1.4.1.4 Sensors 1-48

1.4.2 INFORMATION SINK 1-49

1.4.2.1 Audio Output Device 1-49

1.4.2.2 Visual Display Devices 1-52

1.4.2.3 Storage Devices 1-56

1.4.3 TRANSMITTER 1-59

1.4.4 RECEIVER 1-62

1.5 CLASSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 1-63

1.5.1 SIMPLEX VERSUS DUPLEX COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 1-64

1.5.2 ANALOGUE VERSUS DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 1-66

1.5.3 BASEBAND VERSUS MODULATED COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 1-70

1.5.3.1 Analogue Baseband Communication System 1-70

1.5.3.2 Discrete Baseband Communication System 1-72

1.5.3.3 Digital Baseband Communication System 1-76

1.5.3.4 Modulated Communication Systems 1-81

1.5.4 CIRCUIT VERSUS PACKET SWITCHING 1-87

1.5.4.1 Circuit Switching 1-89

1.5.4.2 Packet Switching 1-91

1.6 EPILOGUE 1-97

1.7 REFERENCES 1-98

1.8 REVIEW QUESTIONS 1-98

2 INTRODUCTION TO SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 2-3

2.1 INTRODUCTION 2-4

2.2 WHAT IS A SIGNAL? 2-5

2.3 FORMS OF TELECOMMUNICATION SIGNALS 2-6

2.4 SUBJECTIVE CLASSIFICATION OF TELECOMMUNICATION SIGNALS 2-9

2.4.1 SPEECH 2-9

2.4.2 MUSIC 2-11

2.4.3 VIDEO 2-12

2.4.4 DIGITAL DATA 2-13

2.4.5 FACSIMILE 2-15

2.4.6 ANCILLARY & CONTROL SIGNALS 2-16

2.5 OBJECTIVE CLASSIFICATION OF TELECOMMUNICATION SIGNALS 2-16

2.5.1 ANALOGUE OR DIGITAL 2-16

2.5.2 PERIODIC OR NONPERIODIC 2-20

2.5.3 DETERMINISTIC OR RANDOM 2-22

2.5.4 POWER OR ENERGY 2-22

2.5.5 EVEN OR ODD 2-23

2.6 SPECIAL WAVEFORMS AND SIGNALS 2-27

2.6.1 UNIT STEP FUNCTION 2-29

2.6.2 SIGNUM FUNCTION 2-29

2.6.3 RECTANGULAR PULSE 2-30

2.6.4 RAMP PULSE 2-30

2.6.5 TRIANGULAR PULSE 2-31

2.6.6 SAWTOOTH AND TRAPEZOIDAL PULSES 2-32

2.6.7 UNIT IMPULSE FUNCTION 2-33

2.6.8 SINC FUNCTION 2-36

2.7 SINUSOIDAL SIGNALS 2-38

2.7.1 QUALITATIVE INTRODUCTION 2-39

2.7.2 PARAMETERS OF A SINUSOIDAL SIGNAL 2-41

2.7.2.1 Angle 2-47

2.7.2.2 Amplitude 2-48

2.7.2.3 Angular Frequency 2-48

2.7.2.4 Frequency 2-48

2.7.2.5 Period 2-49

2.7.2.6 Wavelength 2-49

2.7.2.7 Initial Phase 2-49

2.7.2.8 Phase Difference 2-51

2.7.3 ADDITION OF SINUSOIDS 2-55

2.7.3.1 Same Frequency and Phase 2-55

2.7.3.2 Same Frequency but Different Phases 2-55

2.7.3.3 Multiple Sinusoids of Different Frequencies 2-60

2.7.3.4 Beats involving two Sinusoids 2-61

2.7.4 MULTIPLICATION OF SINUSOIDS 2-63

2.8 LOGARITHMIC UNITS 2-64

2.8.1 LOGARITHMIC UNITS FOR SYSTEM GAIN 2-67

2.8.2 LOGARITHMIC UNITS FOR VOLTAGE, POWER AND OTHER QUANTITIES 2-69

2.8.3 LOGARITHMIC UNIT DOS AND DON’TS 2-72

2.9 CALIBRATION OF A SIGNAL TRANSMISSION PATH 2-78

2.10 SYSTEMS AND THEIR PROPERTIES 2-80

2.10.1 MEMORY 2-82

2.10.2 STABILITY 2-84

2.10.3 CAUSALITY 2-85

2.10.4 LINEARITY 2-86

2.10.5 TIME INVARIANCE 2-92

2.10.6 INVERTIBILITY 2-95

2.11 SUMMARY 2-98

2.12 QUESTIONS 2-100

3 TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 3-2

3.1 INTRODUCTION 3-3

3.2 BASIC SIGNAL OPERATIONS 3-4

3.2.1 TIME SHIFTING (SIGNAL DELAY AND ADVANCE) 3-4

3.2.2 TIME REVERSAL 3-8

3.2.3 TIME SCALING 3-11

3.3 RANDOM SIGNALS 3-13

3.3.1 RANDOM PROCESSES 3-13

3.3.2 RANDOM SIGNAL PARAMETERS 3-14

3.3.3 STATIONARITY AND ERGODICITY 3-19

3.4 STANDARD DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS 3-21

3.4.1 GAUSSIAN OR NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 3-21

3.4.2 RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION 3-27

3.4.3 LOGNORMAL DISTRIBUTION 3-35

3.4.4 RICIAN DISTRIBUTION 3-43

3.4.5 EXPONENTIAL AND POISSON DISTRIBUTIONS 3-49

3.5 SIGNAL CHARACTERISATION 3-57

3.5.1 MEAN 3-57

3.5.2 POWER 3-59

3.5.3 ENERGY 3-64

3.5.4 ROOT MEAN SQUARE VALUE 3-65

3.5.5 AUTOCORRELATION 3-71

3.5.6 COVARIANCE AND CORRELATION COEFFICIENT 3-78

3.6 LINEAR TIME INVARIANT SYSTEM ANALYSIS 3-86

3.6.1 LTI SYSTEM RESPONSE 3-88

3.6.2 EVALUATION OF CONVOLUTION INTEGRAL 3-94

3.6.3 EVALUATION OF CONVOLUTION SUM 3-100

3.6.4 AUTOCORRELATION AND CONVOLUTION 3-109

3.7 SUMMARY 3-110

3.8 REFERENCES 3-112

3.9 QUESTIONS 3-112

4 FREQUENCY DOMAIN ANALYSIS OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 4-2

4.1 INTRODUCTION 4-3

4.2 FOURIER SERIES 4-6

4.2.1 SINUSOIDAL FORM OF FOURIER SERIES 4-8

4.2.2 COMPLEX EXPONENTIAL FORM OF FOURIER SERIES 4-32

4.2.3 AMPLITUDE AND PHASE SPECTRA 4-37

4.2.3.1 Double-sided Spectrum 4-41

4.2.3.2 Single-sided Spectrum 4-43

4.2.4 FOURIER SERIES APPLICATION TO SELECTED WAVEFORMS 4-53

4.2.4.1 Flat-Top Sampled Signal 4-54

4.2.4.2 Binary ASK Signal and Sinusoidal Pulse Train 4-62

4.2.4.3 Trapezoidal Pulse Train 4-70

4.3 FOURIER TRANSFORM 4-75

4.3.1 PROPERTIES OF THE FOURIER TRANSFORM 4-81

4.3.2 TABLE OF FOURIER TRANSFORMS 4-92

4.3.3 FOURIER TRANSFORM OF PERIODIC SIGNALS 4-99

4.4 DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM 4-101

4.4.1 PROPERTIES OF THE DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM 4-111

4.4.2 FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM 4-113

4.4.3 PRACTICAL ISSUES IN DFT IMPLEMENTATION 4-123

4.4.3.1 Aliasing 4-124

4.4.3.2 Frequency Resolution 4-124

4.4.3.3 Spectral Leakage 4-125

4.4.3.4 Spectral Smearing 4-126

4.4.3.5 Spectral Density and its Variance 4-129

4.5 LAPLACE AND Z TRANSFORMS 4-134

4.5.1 LAPLACE TRANSFORM 4-134

4.5.2 Z-TRANSFORM 4-136

4.6 INVERSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TIME AND FREQUENCY DOMAINS 4-142

4.7 FREQUENCY DOMAIN CHARACTERISATION OF LTI SYSTEMS 4-144

4.7.1 TRANSFER FUNCTION 4-144

4.7.2 OUTPUT SPECTRAL DENSITY OF LTI SYSTEMS 4-151

4.7.3 SIGNAL AND SYSTEM BANDWIDTHS 4-152

4.7.3.1 Subjective Bandwidth 4-154

4.7.3.2 Null Bandwidth 4-155

4.7.3.3 3-dB Bandwidth 4-155

4.7.3.4 Fractional Power Containment Bandwidth 4-157

4.7.3.5 Noise Equivalent Bandwidth 4-159

4.7.4 DISTORTIONLESS TRANSMISSION 4-163

4.7.5 ATTENUATION AND DELAY DISTORTIONS 4-167

4.7.6 NONLINEAR DISTORTIONS 4-168

4.8 SUMMARY 4-172

4.9 REFERENCES 4-175

4.10 QUESTIONS 4-176

5 TRANSMISSION MEDIA 5-3

5.1 INTRODUCTION 5-4

5.2 METALLIC LINE SYSTEMS 5-5

5.2.1 WIRE PAIRS 5-6

5.2.2 COAXIAL CABLE 5-10

5.2.3 ATTENUATION IN METALLIC LINES 5-13

5.3 TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY 5-15

5.3.1 INCIDENT AND REFLECTED WAVES 5-20

5.3.2 SECONDARY LINE CONSTANTS 5-21

5.3.3 CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE 5-25

5.3.4 REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENTS 5-29

5.3.5 STANDING WAVES 5-33

5.3.6 LINE IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE 5-37

5.3.7 LINE TERMINATION AND IMPEDANCE MATCHING 5-47

5.3.8 SCATTERING PARAMETERS 5-57

5.3.9 SMITH CHART 5-61

5.4 OPTICAL FIBRE 5-64

5.4.1 OPTICAL FIBRE TYPES 5-69

5.4.2 COUPLING OF LIGHT INTO FIBRE 5-71

5.4.3 ATTENUATION IN OPTICAL FIBRE 5-75

5.4.3.1 Intrinsic Fibre Loss 5-76

5.4.3.2 Extrinsic Fibre Loss 5-80

5.4.4 DISPERSION IN OPTICAL FIBRE 5-82

5.5 RADIO 5-88

5.5.1 MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS 5-91

5.5.2 RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION MODES 5-94

5.5.3 RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION EFFECTS 5-100

5.5.3.1 Ionospheric Effects 5-100

5.5.3.2 Tropospheric Attenuation 5-102

5.5.3.3 Tropospheric scintillation 5-107

5.5.3.4 Depolarisation 5-108

5.5.3.5 Tropospheric Refraction 5-109

5.5.4 REFLECTION AND REFRACTION 5-113

5.5.5 ROUGH SURFACE SCATTERING 5-125

5.5.6 DIFFRACTION 5-129

5.5.6.1 Diffraction Configuration and Terms 5-129

5.5.6.2 Fresnel Zones 5-132

5.5.6.3 Knife Edge Diffraction Loss 5-133

5.5.7 PATH LOSS 5-139

5.5.7.1 Free Space Path Loss 5-140

5.5.7.2 Plane Earth Propagation Path Loss 5-144

5.5.7.3 Terrestrial Cellular Radio Path Loss 5-148

5.5.8 RADIO FREQUENCY ALLOCATION 5-151

5.6 SUMMARY 5-153

5.7 REFERENCES 5-155

5.8 QUESTIONS 5-156

6 NOISE IN COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 6-2

6.1 INTRODUCTION 6-3

6.2 PHYSICAL SOURCES OF RANDOM NOISE 6-5

6.3 ADDITIVE WHITE GAUSSIAN NOISE 6-15

6.3.1 GAUSSIAN PDF OF NOISE 6-15

6.3.2 WHITE NOISE 6-17

6.3.3 CANONICAL AND ENVELOPE REPRESENTATIONS OF NOISE 6-25

6.4 SYSTEM NOISE CALCULATIONS 6-30

6.4.1 AVAILABLE NOISE POWER 6-30

6.4.2 EQUIVALENT NOISE TEMPERATURE 6-32

6.4.3 NOISE FIGURE OF A SINGLE SYSTEM 6-33

6.4.4 NOISE FIGURE OF CASCADED SYSTEMS 6-37

6.4.5 OVERALL SYSTEM NOISE TEMPERATURE 6-43

6.4.6 SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO 6-45

6.5 NOISE EFFECTS IN COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 6-49

6.5.1 SNR IN ANALOGUE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 6-49

6.5.2 BER IN DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 6-54

6.6 SUMMARY 6-62

6.7 REFERENCES 6-62

6.8 QUESTIONS 6-63

7 AMPLITUDE MODULATION 7-2

7.1 INTRODUCTION 7-3

7.2 AM SIGNALS  TIME DOMAIN DESCRIPTION 7-4

7.2.1 AM WAVEFORM 7-5

7.2.2 SKETCHING AM WAVEFORMS 7-6

7.2.3 MODULATION FACTOR 7-7

7.3 SPECTRUM AND POWER OF AMPLITUDE MODULATED SIGNALS 7-12

7.3.1 SINUSOIDAL MODULATING SIGNAL 7-12

7.3.2 ARBITRARY MESSAGE SIGNAL 7-16

7.3.3 POWER 7-18

7.4 AM MODULATORS 7-23

7.4.1 GENERATION OF AM SIGNAL 7-23

7.4.1.1 Linearly-Varied-Gain Modulator 7-23

7.4.1.2 Switching and Square-law Modulators 7-25

7.4.2 AM TRANSMITTERS 7-29

7.4.2.1 Low-level transmitter 7-29

7.4.2.2 High-level transmitter 7-29

7.5 AM DEMODULATORS 7-30

7.5.1 DIODE DEMODULATOR 7-31

7.5.2 COHERENT DEMODULATOR 7-36

7.5.3 AM RECEIVERS 7-38

7.5.3.1 Tuned Radio Frequency (RF) Receiver 7-39

7.5.3.2 Superheterodyne Receiver 7-40

7.6 MERITS, DEMERITS, AND APPLICATION OF AM 7-44

7.7 VARIANTS OF AM 7-45

7.7.1 DSB 7-45

7.7.1.1 Waveform & Spectrum of DSB 7-45

7.7.1.2 DSB Modulator 7-46

7.7.1.3 DSB Demodulator 7-50

7.7.1.4 DSB Applications 7-52

7.7.2 SSB 7-55

7.7.2.1 Merits and Demerits of SSB 7-55

7.7.2.2 SSB Modulators 7-58

7.7.2.3 SSB Demodulator 7-62

7.7.2.4 Applications of SSB 7-63

7.7.3 ISB 7-64

7.7.3.1 ISB Modulator 7-65

7.7.3.2 ISB Demodulator 7-65

7.7.3.3 ISB Merits, Demerit, and Application 7-66

7.7.4 VSB 7-67

7.7.4.1 VSB Modulator 7-68

7.7.4.2 VSB Demodulator 7-69

7.8 SUMMARY 7-70

7.9 QUESTIONS 7-73

8 FREQUENCY AND PHASE MODULATION 8-3

8.1 INTRODUCTION 8-4

8.2 BASIC CONCEPTS OF FM & PM 8-5

8.2.1 FREQUENCY MODULATION CONCEPTS 8-7

8.2.2 PHASE MODULATION CONCEPTS 8-12

8.2.3 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FM & PM 8-16

8.2.3.1 Frequency Variations in PM 8-17

8.2.3.2 Phase Variations in FM 8-20

8.3 FM AND PM WAVEFORMS 8-25

8.3.1 SKETCHING SIMPLE WAVEFORMS 8-26

8.3.2 GENERAL WAVEFORM 8-27

8.4 SPECTRUM AND POWER OF FM AND PM 8-33

8.4.1 NARROWBAND FM AND PM 8-34

8.4.1.1 Frequency Components 8-34

8.4.1.2 Comparing AM, NBFM, and NBPM 8-37

8.4.1.3 Amplitude Variations in NBFM and NBPM 8-41

8.4.2 WIDEBAND FM AND PM 8-43

8.4.2.1 Spectrum 8-45

8.4.2.2 Power 8-54

8.4.2.3 Bandwidth 8-55

8.4.2.4 FM or PM? 8-60

8.5 FM AND PM MODULATORS 8-61

8.5.1 NARROWBAND MODULATORS 8-61

8.5.2 INDIRECT WIDEBAND MODULATORS 8-64

8.5.3 DIRECT WIDEBAND MODULATORS 8-68

8.5.3.1 LCO Modulator 8-70

8.5.3.2 VCO Modulator 8-73

8.6 FM AND PM DEMODULATORS 8-75

8.6.1 DIRECT DEMODULATOR 8-75

8.6.1.1 Filter-based Demodulator 8-75

8.6.1.2 Digital Demodulator 8-76

8.6.2 INDIRECT DEMODULATOR 8-77

8.6.2.1 PLL Demodulation Process 8-78

8.6.2.2 PLL States 8-80

8.6.2.3 PLL Features 8-81

8.6.3 PHASE DEMODULATOR 8-81

8.6.4 FREQUENCY DISCRIMINATORS 8-82

8.6.4.1 Differentiators 8-82

8.6.4.1.1 Delay-line Differentiator 8-83

8.6.4.1.2 RC Differentiator 8-84

8.6.4.2 Tuned Circuits 8-85

8.7 FM TRANSMITTER & RECEIVER 8-85

8.7.1 TRANSMITTER 8-85

8.7.2 SNR AND BANDWIDTH TRADE-OFF 8-87

8.7.3 PRE-EMPHASIS AND DE-EMPHASIS 8-88

8.7.4 RECEIVER 8-90

8.8 NOISE EFFECT IN FM 8-90

8.9 OVERVIEW OF FM & PM FEATURES 8-99

8.9.1 MERITS 8-100

8.9.2 DEMERITS 8-101

8.9.3 APPLICATIONS 8-101

8.10 SUMMARY 8-103

8.11 QUESTIONS 8-103

9 SAMPLING 9-1

9.1 INTRODUCTION 9-1

9.2 SAMPLING THEOREM 9-2

9.3 PROOF OF SAMPLING THEOREM 9-3

9.3.1 LOWPASS SIGNALS 9-5

9.3.2 BANDPASS SIGNALS 9-6

9.3.3 SAMPLING AT NYQUIST RATE 9-11

9.4 ALIASING 9-12

9.5 ANTI-ALIAS FILTER 9-17

9.6 NON-INSTANTANEOUS SAMPLING 9-21

9.6.1 NATURAL SAMPLING 9-21

9.6.2 FLAT-TOP SAMPLING 9-23

9.6.3 APERTURE EFFECT 9-27

9.7 SUMMARY 9-29

9.8 REFERENCES 9-30

9.9 QUESTIONS 9-30

10 DIGITAL BASEBAND CODING 10-2

10.1 INTRODUCTION 10-3

10.2 CONCEPT AND CLASSES OF QUANTISATION 10-4

10.3 UNIFORM QUANTISATION 10-13

10.3.1 QUANTISATION NOISE 10-14

10.3.2 DYNAMIC RANGE OF A QUANTISER 10-16

10.3.3 SIGNAL TO QUANTISATION NOISE RATIO (SQNR) 10-17

10.3.4 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 10-20

10.3.5 DEMERITS OF UNIFORM QUANTISATION 10-22

10.4 NON-UNIFORM QUANTISATION 10-24

10.4.1 COMPRESSOR CHARACTERISTIC 10-25

10.4.2 A-LAW COMPANDING 10-28

10.4.3 MU-LAW COMPANDING 10-30

10.4.4 COMPANDING GAIN AND PENALTY 10-33

10.4.5 PRACTICAL NON-LINEAR PCM 10-38

10.4.6 SQNR OF PRACTICAL NON-LINEAR PCM 10-45

10.5 DIFFERENTIAL PCM (DPCM) 10-50

10.5.1 ADAPTIVE DIFFERENTIAL PULSE CODE MODULATION (ADPCM) 10-54

10.5.2 DELTA MODULATION 10-55

10.5.2.1 Quantisation Error 10-55

10.5.2.2 Prediction Filter 10-57

10.5.2.3 Design Parameters 10-57

10.5.2.4 Merits and Demerits of DM 10-58

10.5.2.5 Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM) 10-60

10.5.2.6 Delta Sigma Modulation 10-61

10.6 LOW BIT RATE SPEECH CODING 10-61

10.6.1 WAVEFORM CODERS 10-65

10.6.2 VOCODERS 10-66

10.6.2.1 IMBE 10-67

10.6.2.2 LPC 10-67

10.6.2.3 MELP 10-68

10.6.3 HYBRID CODERS 10-68

10.6.3.1 APC 10-69

10.6.3.2 MPE-LPC 10-69

10.6.3.3 CELP 10-70

10.7 LINE CODES 10-70

10.7.1 NRZ CODES 10-70

10.7.2 RZ CODES 10-72

10.7.3 BIPHASE CODES 10-73

10.7.4 RLL CODES 10-74

10.7.5 BLOCK CODES 10-76

10.8 SUMMARY 10-81

10.9 REFERENCES 10-84

10.10 QUESTIONS 10-84

11 DIGITAL MODULATED TRANSMISSION 11-3

IN THIS CHAPTER 11-3

11.1 INTRODUCTION 11-4

11.2 ORTHOGONALITY OF ENERGY SIGNALS 11-8

11.3 SIGNAL SPACE 11-12

11.3.1 INTERPRETATION OF SIGNAL SPACE DIAGRAMS 11-13

11.3.2 COMPLEX NOTATION FOR 2D SIGNAL SPACE 11-18

11.3.3 SIGNAL SPACE WORKED EXAMPLES 11-20

11.4 DIGITAL TRANSMISSION MODEL 11-27

11.5 NOISE EFFECTS 11-29

11.6 SYMBOL AND BIT ERROR RATIOS 11-32

11.6.1 SPECIAL CASES 11-35

11.6.2 ARBITRARY BINARY TRANSMISSION 11-39

11.7 BINARY MODULATION 11-45

11.7.1 ASK 11-45

11.7.2 PSK 11-47

11.7.3 FSK 11-49

11.7.3.1 Generation 11-49

11.7.3.2 Spectrum 11-50

11.7.3.3 Frequency Spacing and MSK 11-51

11.7.4 MINIMUM TRANSMISSION BANDWIDTH 11-53

11.8 COHERENT BINARY DETECTION 11-54

11.8.1 ASK DETECTOR 11-55

11.8.2 PSK DETECTOR 11-56

11.8.3 FSK DETECTOR 11-56

11.9 NONCOHERENT BINARY DETECTION 11-58

11.9.1 NONCOHERENT ASK DETECTOR 11-60

11.9.2 NONCOHERENT FSK DETECTOR 11-61

11.9.3 DPSK 11-63

11.10 M-ARY TRANSMISSION 11-65

11.10.1 BANDWIDTH EFFICIENCY 11-65

11.10.2 M-ARY ASK 11-68

11.10.2.1 M-ary ASK Modulator 11-68

11.10.2.2 M-ary ASK Detector 11-71

11.10.2.3 BER of M-ary ASK 11-72

11.10.3 M-ARY PSK 11-76

11.10.3.1 QPSK Modulator and Detector 11-77

11.10.3.2 M-ary PSK Modulator and Detector 11-79

11.10.3.3 BER of M-ary PSK 11-83

11.10.4 M-ARY FSK 11-87

11.10.4.1 M-ary FSK Modulator and Detector 11-87

11.10.4.2 BER of M-ary FSK 11-88

11.10.4.3 Noise-Bandwidth Trade-off in M-ary FSK 11-89

11.10.5 M-ARY APSK 11-90

11.10.5.1 16-APSK 11-91

11.10.5.2 BER of Square M-ary APSK 11-94

11.11 DESIGN PARAMETERS 11-95

11.12 SUMMARY 11-102

11.13 REFERENCES 11-104

11.14 QUESTIONS 11-105

12 PULSE SHAPING AND DETECTION 12-2

12.1 INTRODUCTION 12-3

12.2 ANTI-ISI FILTERING 12-6

12.2.1 NYQUIST FILTERING 12-8

12.2.2 RAISED COSINE FILTERING 12-10

12.2.3 SQUARE ROOT RAISED COSINE FILTERING 12-13

12.2.4 DUOBINARY SIGNALLING 12-16

12.2.4.1 Cosine Filter 12-17

12.2.4.2 Signal Power Trade-off 12-21

12.2.4.3 Sine Filter 12-22

12.2.4.4 Polybinary Signalling 12-23

12.3 INFORMATION CAPACITY LAW 12-25

12.4 THE DIGITAL RECEIVER 12-37

12.4.1 ADAPTIVE EQUALISATION 12-37

12.4.2 MATCHED FILTER 12-38

12.4.2.1 Specification of a Matched Filter 12-39

12.4.2.2 Matched Filter by Correlation 12-42

12.4.2.3 Matched Filter Worked Examples 12-44

12.4.3 CLOCK EXTRACTION 12-53

12.4.4 EYE DIAGRAMS 12-54

12.5 SUMMARY 12-55

12.6 REFERENCES 12-57

12.7 QUESTIONS 12-57

13 MULTIPLEXING STRATEGIES 13-2

13.1 INTRODUCTION 13-3

13.2 FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING 13-8

13.2.1 GENERAL CONCEPTS 13-8

13.2.2 DEMERITS OF FLAT-LEVEL FDM 13-11

13.2.3 FUTURE OF FDM TECHNOLOGY 13-14

13.2.4 FDM HIERARCHIES 13-15

13.2.4.1 UK System 13-17

13.2.4.2 European System 13-19

13.2.4.3 Bell System 13-20

13.2.4.4 Non-Voice Signals 13-21

13.2.5 WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING 13-23

13.3 TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING 13-26

13.3.1 GENERAL CONCEPTS 13-26

13.3.2 PLESIOCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY 13-30

13.3.2.1 E1 System 13-31

13.3.2.2 T1 and J1 Systems 13-36

13.3.2.3 PDH Problems 13-41

13.3.3 SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY 13-42

13.3.3.1 SDH Rates 13-42

13.3.3.2 SDH Frame Structure 13-43

13.3.3.3 SONET 13-49

13.3.4 ATM 13-50

13.3.4.1 ATM Layered Architecture 13-53

13.3.4.2 ATM Network Components 13-56

13.3.4.3 ATM Cell Header 13-57

13.3.4.4 ATM Features Summary 13-59

13.3.4.5 ATM versus IP 13-60

13.4 CODE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING 13-61

13.4.1 TYPES OF SPREAD SPECTRUM MODULATION 13-62

13.4.2 CDM TRANSMITTER 13-65

13.4.3 CDM RECEIVER 13-67

13.4.4 CRUCIAL FEATURES OF CDM 13-72

13.4.4.1 Synchronisation 13-72

13.4.4.2 Cross-correlation of PN Codes 13-74

13.4.4.3 Power Control 13-75

13.4.4.4 Processing Gain 13-76

13.5 MULTIPLE ACCESS 13-79

13.5.1 FDMA 13-79

13.5.2 TDMA 13-81

13.5.3 CDMA 13-84

13.5.4 HYBRID SCHEMES 13-85

13.6 SUMMARY 13-86

13.7 QUESTIONS 13-87