[eBook Code] The Evolution of Earth's Climate (eBook Code, 1st)

· 제목 : [eBook Code] The Evolution of Earth's Climate (eBook Code, 1st) 
· 분류 : 외국도서 > 인문/사회 > 정치학 > 공공정책 > 환경정책
· ISBN : 9781119407157
· 쪽수 : 304쪽
· 출판일 : 2018-06-12

Introduction xv

Acknowledgments xix

Part I: Climatic Paradox 1

1 Climatic Paradox 3

Historic Temperatures of Early Earth 3

Concepts by Some of Global Warming 5

Earth’s Historic Temperature Charts 6

Misuse of Temperature Charts 7

Use of Paleoclimatology to Estimate Prehistoric Temperatures 8

Use of the Oxygen Isotope Ratio to Estimate Historic Temperatures 9

Historic Temperature Charts for the Past 4.6 BY 10

Glacial Periods and Interglacial Periods (4.5 to 0.540 BY AGO) 10

Historic Temperature Record of the Past 540 MY 11

Today’s Temperature Charts 16

The Sun—a Primary Source of Energy 17

Physical Aspects of the Sun 18

Sunspots 18

Solar Irradiation Reaching the Earth 20

The Sun’s Energy 23

Energy Received by the Earth from the Sun 26

The Paradox Reviewed 27

2 Adiabatic Theory 29

Troposphere 29

How is Heat Transferred in the Troposphere? 31

Modeling the Earth’s Troposphere 33

Features of the Earth’s Atmosphere 33

Development of an Adiabatic Equation 35

Development of the Adiabatic Equation 37

Earth’s Troposphere Model 41

Effect of Precession Angle 42

Application of Adiabatic Equation to the Planet Venus 47

3 The Earth’s Synoptic Activities 51

Greenhouse Effect Adiabatic Theory 51

Model of Heat Transfer in the Troposphere 52

Part II: Development of the Hydrosphere 59

4 Development of Earth’s Hydrosphere 61

Hydrosphere of the Primordial Earth 61

Formation of the Hydrosphere 66

Part III: Development of the Earth’s Atmosphere 79

5 Earth’s Historic Atmospheres 81

Earth’s Primordial Atmosphere 81

Earth’s First Atmosphere (Hadean time—4.56 to 4.0 BY ago) 83

Earth’s Second Atmosphere (Archean time, 4.0 to 2.5 BY ago) 85

Earth’s Third Atmosphere (Proterozoic to mid-Phanerozoic time – 2.5 to 0.54 BY ago) 86

Today’s Atmosphere (Phanerozoic time, 0.542 BY ago to today) 89

The Earth’s Future Atmosphere 89

6 Nitrogen in Earth’s Atmosphere 91

Origin of Earth’s Atmospheric Nitrogen 91

Estimate of the Earth’s Volume of Organic-Nitrogen Sediments 95

7 Development of Free Oxygen in Earth’s Atmosphere 99

Oxygen 99

History of Free Oxygen in Earth’s Atmosphere 100

8 Development of Methane in Earth’s Atmosphere 111

Methane the Gas 111

Historic Levels of Methane in the Earth’s Atmosphere 114

Monitoring of Methane Gas Emissions 126

9 The Effect of the Greenhouse Gases 129

The Greenhouse Gases 129

The Classic Greenhouse Effect 130

The Greenhouse Gases 131

Understanding the Greenhouse Effect 134

The Greenhouse Effect 135

Effect of the Precession Angle 138

Convective Heat Transsphere in Troposphere 140

Effect of Water Vapor on Heat Transfer 140

Effect of Carbon Dioxide on Temperature Distribution 141

The Effect of Carbon Dioxide Anthropogenic Emissions 143

10 Development of Carbon Dioxide in Earth’s Atmosphere 147

Carbon Dioxide 147

Sources of Carbon Dioxide 148

The Carbon Cycle 148

Mass of Carbon in the Earth’s Crust 151

Mass of Carbon in the Earth’s Mantle 151

Historic Content of Carbon Dioxide in the Earth’s Atmosphere 155

Earth’s Hadean Atmosphere (4.56 to 4.0 BY ago) 155

Earth’s Archaean Atmosphere (4.0 to 2.4 BY ago) 156

Earth’s Proterozoic and Phanerozoic Atmosphere (2.4 BY ago to today) 159

Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere 163

Historic Effect of Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide 168

11 Ozone in the Earth’s Atmosphere 173

Properties of Ozone 173

Ozone Layer as the “Earth’s Shield” 174

Atmospheric Gases Ability to Absorb Energy 175

The Ozone Hole 184

Ozone – Methane Reaction 188

Concluding Remarks 189

12 Evolution of Atmospheric Composition and Pressure 191

Partial Pressure of Atmospheric Gases 191

Part IV: Various Factors Affecting the Evolution of the Earth’s Climate 197

13 Earth’s Orbital Distance from the Sun 199

Effect of Gravity on Earth’s Orbital Paths 199

Earth’s Orbital Path About the Sun 200

Kepler’s Laws Pertaining to Planetary Orbits 202

Eccentricity of an Object’s Orbit 205

Effect of Other Planets on Earth’s orbit 206

The Effect of the Planet Jupiter on Earth’s Orbital Path 212

14 Climatalogical Effect of Continental Drift 223

Continental Drift’s Effect on the Earth’s Precession Angle 223

Latitudinal Temperature Contrast on Earth’s Surface 228

15 Earth’s Future Climate 235

Conclusions 239

References and Bibliography 241

Author Index 271

Subject Index 275