How to Read a Paper : The Basics of Evidence-based Medicine and Healthcare (Paperback, 6 ed)

· 제목 : How to Read a Paper : The Basics of Evidence-based Medicine and Healthcare (Paperback, 6 ed) 
· 분류 : 외국도서 > 의학 > 연구
· ISBN : 9781119484745
· 쪽수 : 288쪽
· 출판일 : 2019-04-19

Foreword to the first edition by Professor Sir David Weatherall

Preface to the sixth edition

Preface to the first edition

Acknowledgements      

Chapter 1 Why read papers at all?          

Does ‘evidence-based medicine’ simply mean ‘reading papers in medical journals’?       

Why do people sometimes groan when you mention evidence-based healthcare?         

Before you start: formulate the problem             

Exercises based on this chapter

References        

Chapter 2 Searching the literature          

What are you looking for?           

Levels upon levels of evidence 

Synthesised sources: systems, summaries and syntheses            

Pre-appraised sources: synopses of systematic reviews and primary studies      

Specialised resources    

Primary studies – tackling the jungle      

One-stop shopping: federated search engines  

Asking for help and asking around           

Online tutorials for effective searching 

Exercises based on this chapter

References        

Chapter 3 Getting your bearings: what is this paper about?        

The science of ‘trashing’ papers               

Three preliminary questions to get your bearings            

Randomised controlled trials     

Cohort studies 

Case–control studies     

Cross-sectional surveys                

Case reports     

The traditional hierarchy of evidence     

Exercises based on this chapter

References

Chapter 4 Assessing methodological quality      

Was the study original?

Whom is the study about?          

Was the design of the study sensible?  

Was bias avoided or minimised?              

Was assessment ‘blind’?             

Were preliminary statistical questions addressed?          

A note on ethical considerations

Summing up      

Exercises based on this chapter

References        

Chapter 5 Statistics for the non-statistician        

How can non-statisticians evaluate statistical tests?        

Have the authors set the scene correctly?           

Paired data, tails and outliers     

Correlation, regression and causation    

Probability and confidence         

The bottom line

Summary            

Exercises based on this chapter

References        

Chapter 6 Papers that report trials of drug treatments and other simple interventions 

‘Evidence’ and marketing            

Making decisions about therapy              

Surrogate endpoints     

What information to expect in a paper describing a randomised controlled trial: the CONSORT statement            

Getting worthwhile evidence from pharmaceutical representatives       

Exercises based on this chapter

References        

Chapter 7 Papers that report trials of complex interventions     

Complex interventions

Ten questions to ask about a paper describing a complex intervention

Exercises based on this chapter

References        

Chapter 8 Papers that report diagnostic or screening tests          

Ten men in the dock      

Validating diagnostic tests against a gold standard           

Ten questions to ask about a paper that claims to validate a diagnostic or screening test               

Likelihood ratios

Clinical prediction rules 

Exercises based on this chapter

References        

Chapter 9 Papers that summarise other papers (systematic reviews and meta-analyses)

When is a review systematic?   

Evaluating systematic reviews   

Meta-analysis for the non-statistician    

Explaining heterogeneity

New approaches to systematic review  

Exercises based on this chapter

References        

Chapter 10 Papers that tell you what to do (guidelines)               

The great guidelines debate      

Ten questions to ask about a clinical guideline   

Exercises based on this chapter

References        

Chapter 11 Papers that tell you what things cost (economic analyses)   

What is an economic analysis?  

Measuring the costs and benefits of health interventions

A note of choosing wisely           

Ten questions to ask about an economic analysis             

Conclusions

Exercises based on this chapter

References        

Chapter 12 Papers that go beyond numbers (qualitative research)         

What is qualitative research?     

Ten questions to ask about a qualitative research paper               

Exercises based on this chapter

References        

Chapter 13 Papers that report questionnaire research  

The rise and rise of questionnaire research         

Ten questions to ask about a paper describing a questionnaire study

Conclusions       

Exercises based on this chapter

References        

Chapter 14 Papers that report quality improvement case studies            

What are quality improvement studies, and how should we research them?      

Ten questions to ask about a paper describing a quality improvement initiative 

Exercises based on this chapter

References        

Chapter 15 Papers that describe genetic association studies      

The three eras of human genetic studies (so far)             

What is a genome-wide association study (GWAS)?        

Clinical applications of GWAS     

Direct-to-consumer genetic testing        

Mendelian randomisation studies           

Epigenetics – a space to watch  

Ten questions to ask about a genetic association study

Conclusions       

Exercises based on this chapter

References        

Chapter 16 Applying evidence with patients     

The patient perspective               

Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) 

Shared decision-making               

Option grids      

N of 1 trials and other individualised approaches

Exercises based on this chapter

References        

Chapter 17 Criticisms of evidence-based healthcare      

What’s wrong with EBHC when it’s done badly?               

What’s wrong with EBHC when it’s done well?  

Why is ‘evidence-based policymaking’ so hard to achieve?          

Exercises based on this chapter

References        

Appendix 1 Checklists for finding, appraising and implementing evidence            

Appendix 2 Assessing the effects of an intervention      

Index