[eBook Code] Non-Linearities in Passive RFID Systems (eBook Code, 1st)

Acknowledgments ix

Introduction xi

Chapter 1 History of Radio-frequency Identification: From Birth to Advanced Applications 1

1.1 Early facts about the genesis of RFID 1

1.2 Birth of RFID 2

1.3 Early modern RFID 4

1.4 The 1970s: The infancy age of RFID 7

1.5 The 1980s and 1990s: Implementation of RFID 8

1.6 RFID chip age 10

1.7 Maturation of RFID 11

1.8 Internet of Things: The next RFID frontier 15

1.9 Summary 19

Chapter 2 RFID Technology: Main Principles and Non-linear Behavior of Tags 21

2.1 RFID: A multilayer vision 21

2.2 Focus on passive UHF RFID technology 23

2.2.1 Working principle 23

2.2.2 Reader 24

2.2.3 Tag 25

2.3 Non-linear RF networks and harmonic generation 29

2.3.1 Effects of a non-linear device 29

2.3.2 Theory on the effects of a non-linear device 29

2.4 Non-linear behavior and associated applications in the RFID field 32

2.4.1 Measurement of backscattered harmonics 32

2.4.2 Wireless sensor tags 33

2.5 Summary 37

Chapter 3 Characterization Platforms for Passive RFID Chips and Tags 39

3.1 Introduction 39

3.2 Measuring the backscattered tag response 41

3.2.1 Harmonic backscattering 41

3.2.2 Measurement techniques 41

3.2.3 RFID air interface 42

3.2.4 Configuration of the physical layer in the UHF RFID system 43

3.3 Characterization of RFID tags – radiated measurements 45

3.3.1 Tags under test 46

3.3.2 Measurement system 46

3.3.3 Power budget 47

3.3.4 Power tag sensitivity 48

3.3.5 Radar cross-section and physical surface of a tag 49

3.3.6 Optimized PSD analysis of the RFID communication 52

3.3.7 Dependency analysis of harmonic scattering 58

3.3.8 Limitations of tag characterization by radiated measurements 65

3.4 Characterization of RFID chips–conducted measurements 66

3.4.1 Non-linear characterization platform 68

3.4.2 System operation description 68

3.4.3 Activation threshold and impedance measurement 72

3.4.4 Harmonic characterization 75

3.4.5 Result exploitation 79

3.5 Summary 80

Chapter 4 Modeling the Harmonic Signals Produced by RFID Chips 81

4.1 Introduction 81

4.2 Analysis of harmonic currents in RFID chips 82

4.2.1 Review of Dickson analysis 82

4.2.2 Calculation of the harmonic currents 84

4.3 Third harmonic in traditional RFID tags 88

4.3.1 Impedance matching network for f₀ 88

4.3.2 Influence of Q in the backscattered signal at 3f₀ 89

4.4 How to profit from the third harmonic signal 93

4.4.1 Dual-band impedance matching network 93

4.4.2 Backscattered signal at 3f₀ by the HT 95

4.5 Summary 96

Chapter 5 Applications: Augmented RFID Tags 99

5.1 Introduction 99

5.2 Harmonic communication in passive UHF RFID 101

5.2.1 A review of the regulations 102

5.2.2 Harmonic reader considerations 104

5.2.3 Harmonic tag design 104

5.2.4 Metrics to evaluate the harmonic RFID tags 106

5.2.5 Application case and experimental results: Harmonic tag design example 108

5.2.6 Summary: Harmonic tag 128

5.3 Harmonic harvesting: Empowering the RFID tag 129

5.3.1 Harmonic generation in diode-based circuits 129

5.3.2 Techniques to empower the RFID chip and rectifier circuits in general 130

5.3.3 Third harmonic exploitation in passive RFID 132

5.3.4 Application case and experimental results 141

5.3.5 Summary: Harmonic harvesting 147

5.4 Conclusion 148

Conclusion 151

Bibliography 155

Index 171