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· 분류 : 외국도서 > 기술공학 > 기술공학 > 기계공학
· ISBN : 9781119500285
· 쪽수 : 1056쪽
· 출판일 : 2019-04-08
목차
Preface i
Acknowledgements iii
Content vii
Symbols and Abbreviations xxvi
The Road Map of the Book xxxiii
0.1 Objectives and aims xxxiii
0.2 The Arrangement xxxiv
0.2.1 Discussion xxxix
0.2.2 Note xxxl
0.3 Suggested Route for the Course xxxl
0.4 Project assignment xli
0.5 Suggestion for the class xlii
References xliii
PART I – Prerequisites
1.0 Introduction 42 pages
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Brief Historical Background 1
1.3 Aircraft evolution 8
1.4 Current Aircraft Design Status 11
1.5 Future Trends 13
1.6 Forces and Drivers 19
1.7 Airworthiness Requirements 20
1.8 Current Aircraft Performance Analyses Levels 22
1.9 Aircraft Classification 23
1.10 Topics of current research interest related to aircraft design (supersonic/subsonic) 24
1.11 Cost Implication 26
1.12 Classroom learning process 27
1.13 Units and Dimension 31
1.14 Use of semi-empirical relations 31
1.15 The Atmosphere 33
References 42
2.0 Aircraft Familiarity, Aircraft Design Process, Market Study 29 pages
2.1 Overview 43
2.2 Introduction 44
2.3 Aircraft Familiarization 44
2.4 Typical Aircraft Design Process 49
2.5 Market Survey 51
2.6 Four Phases of Aircraft Design 55
2.7 Typical Task Breakdown in Each Phase 58
2.8 Aircraft Specifications for Three Civil Aircraft Case Studies 63
2.9 Military Market 66
2.10 Airworthiness Requirements 68
2.11 Coursework Procedures – Market Survey 70
References 71
3.0 Aerodynamic Fundamentals, Definitions and Aerofoil 50 pages
3.1 Overview 72
3.2 Introduction 72
3.3 Airflow Behavior- laminar and turbulent 74
3.4 Flow past Aerofoil 78
3.5 Generation of Lift 79
3.6 Aircraft Motion, Forces and Moments 80
3.7 Definitions of Aerodynamic Parameters 84
3.8 Aerofoil 85
3.9 Reynolds number and surface condition effect on aerofoil 94
3.10 Centre of Pressure and Aerodynamic Centre 99
3.11 Types of Stall 105
3.12 High Lift Devices 106
3.13 Flow Regimes 109
3.14 Summary 113
3.15 Aerofoil Design and Manufacture 119
3.16 Aircraft Centre of Gravity, Centre of Pressure and Neutral Point 120
References 117
4.0 Wings 53 pages
4.1 Overview 118
4.2 Introduction 118
4.3 Generic Wing Planform Shapes 119
4.4 Wing Positional Configuration 122
4.5 Structural considerations 125
4.6 Wing parameters Definitions 127
4.7 Wing spanwise variation of aerofoil t/c and incidence 129
4.8 Mean Aerodynamic Chord 130
4.9 Wing Aerodynamics 133
4.10 Wing load 141
4.11 Compressibility Effect: Wing Sweep 147
4.12 Transonic Wings 154
4.13 Supersonic Wing 155
4.14 Additional Vortex Lift - Leading edge suction 156
4.15 High lift Devices on Wing - Flaps and Slats 157
4.16 Additional Surfaces on Wing 162
4.17 The Square-Cube Law 163
4.18 Influence of Wing Area and Span on Aerodynamics 164
4.19 Summary of Wing Design 166
References 170
5.0 Bodies - Fuselages, Nacelle Pods, Intakes and the Associated Systems 42 pages
5.1 Overview 171
5.2 Introduction 171
Civil Aircraft
5.3 Fuselage Geometry - Civil Aircraft 174
5.4 Fuselage Closure-Civil Aircraft 175
5.5 Fuselage Fineness Ration (FR) 178
5.6 Fuselage Cross-section Geometry - Civil aircraft 180
5.7 Fuselage Abreast Seating - Civil aircraft 181
5.8 Cabin Seat Layout 183
5.9 Fuselage layout 191
5.10 Fuselage Aerodynamic Considerations 192
5.11 Fuselage Pitching Moment 194
5.12 Nacelle pod - Civil aircraft 199
5.13 Exhaust Nozzles - Civil Aircraft 205
Military Aircraft
5.14 Fuselage Geometry - Military aircraft 206
5.15 Pilot Cockpit/Flight Deck - Military aircraft 208
5.16 Engine Installation - Military Aircraft 209
References 212
6.0 Empennage and other Planar Surfaces 35 pages
6.1 Overview 213
6.2 Introduction 213
6.3 Terminologies and Definitions of Empennage 215
6.4 Empennage Mount and Types 216
6.5 Different kinds of Empennage Design 219
6.6 Empennage Tail-arm 221
6.7 Empennage Aerodynamics 223
6.8 Aircraft Trim tabs on Control Surfaces 237
6.9 Aircraft Control Surfaces and Trim tabs 239
6.10 Empennage Design 243
6.11 Other Planar Surfaces 245
References 247
7.0 Aircraft Statistics, Configuration Choices and layout 37 pages
7.1 Overview 248
7.2 Introduction 249
Civil Aircraft
7.3 Civil Aircraft Mission (Payload-Range) 250
7.4 Civil Subsonic jet Aircraft Statistics (Sizing Parameters – regression analysis) 251
7.5 Internal arrangements of fuselage - civil aircraft 259
7.6 Some interesting aircraft configurations - civil aircraft 264
7.7 Summary of Civil Aircraft Design Choices 266
Military Aircraft
7.8 Military Aircraft: Detailed Classification and Mission Profile 267
7.9 Military Aircraft Mission 274
7.10 Military Aircraft Statistics (regression analysis) 275
7.11 Aircraft Components Geometries (Military) 277
7.12 Miscellaneous comments 283
7.13 Summary of Military Aircraft Design Choices 283
References 284
PART II - Aircraft Design
8.0 Configuring Aircraft - Concept Definition 67 pages
8.1 Overview 285
8.2 Introduction 286
Civil Aircraft
8.3 Prerequisites to initiate Conceptual Design of Civil Aircraft 290
8.4 Fuselage Design 294
8.5 Wing Design 297
8.6 Empennage Design 300
8.7 Nacelle and Pylon Design 304
8.8 Undercarriage 306
8.9 Worked-Out Example: Configuring a Bizjet class Aircraft 306
Military Aircraft
8.10 Prerequisite to initiate Military (Combat/Trainer) Aircraft Design 318
8.11 Fuselage Design (military - Combat/Trainer aircraft) 323
8.12 Wing Design (military - Combat/Trainer aircraft) 324
8.13 Empennage Design (military - Combat/Trainer aircraft) 326
8.14 Engine/Intake/nozzle (military - Combat/Trainer aircraft) 328
8.15 Undercarriage (military - Combat/Trainer aircraft) 330
8.16 Worked-Out Example–Configuring Military Advanced Jet Trainer (AJT) 330
8.17 Turboprop Trainer aircraft (TPT) 342
References 351
9.0 Undercarriage 39 pages
9.1 Overview of the Chapter 352
9.2 Introduction 353
9.3 Types of Undercarriage 355
9.4 Undercarriage Layout, Nomenclature and Definition 356
9.5 Undercarriage Nomenclature and Definitions 358
9.6 Undercarriage Retraction and Stowage 359
9.7 Undercarriage Design Driver/Consideration 361
9.8 Tire Friction with Ground: Rolling and Braking Friction Coefficient 363
9.9 Load on Wheels and Shock Absorbers 364
9.10 Energy Absorbed 366
9.11 Equivalent Single Wheel Load (ESWL) 368
9.12 Runway Pavemen 369
9.13 Airfield/Runway Strength and Aircraft Operating Compatibility 370
9.14 Tires 372
9.15 Tire Nomenclature, classification, Loading and selection 375
9.16 Configuring Undercarriage Layout and Positioning 378
9.17 Worked-Out Examples 381
9.18 Discussion and Miscellaneous Considerations 389
References 390
10.0 Aircraft Weight and Centre of Gravity Estimation 45 pages
10.1 Overview of the Chapter and Definitions 391
10.2 Introduction 392
10.3 The Weight Drivers 394
10.4 Aircraft Mass Breakdown 395
10.5 Aircraft CG and Neutral point Positions 396
10.6 Aircraft Component Group 398
10.7 Aircraft Component Mass Estimation 400
Civil Aircraft 403
10.8 Mass Fraction Method – Civil Aircraft 403
10.9 Graphical Method (Civil aircraft) 406
10.10 Semi-empirical Equation Method (Statistical) 408
10.11 Centre of Gravity Determination 415
10.12 Worked Out Example - Bizjet Aircraft 417
Military Aircraft 420
10.13 Mass Fraction Method – Military Aircraft 420
10.14 Graphical Method to Predict Aircraft Component Weight (Military aircraft) 422
10.15 Semi-empirical Equation Method (Statistical) – Military Aircraft 423
10.16 CG Determination – military aircraft 425
10.17 Classroom Example Military AJT/CAS aircraft mass estimation 426
10.18 AJT mass estimation and CG location 428
10.19 Classroom example of turboprop trainer (TPT) 429
10.20 Classroom worked out TPT mass estimation and CG location 432
10.21 Summary of Concept Definition 433
References 434
11.0 Aircraft Drag 51 pages
11.1 Overview of the Chapter and Definitions 435
11.2 Introduction 436
11.3 Parasite Drag Definition 437
11.4 Aircraft Drag Breakdown (subsonic) 438
11.5 Understanding Drag Polar 439
11.6 Aircraft Drag Formulation 442
11.7 Aircraft Drag Estimation Methodology (subsonic) 443
11.8 Minimum Parasite Drag Estimation Methodology 444
11.9 Semi-empirical relations to estimate aircraft component parasite drag 446
11.10 Notes on Excrescence Drag arising out of surface imperfections 454
11.11 The Minimum Parasite Drag 455
11.12 The ΔCDp Estimation 455
11.13 Subsonic Wave Drag 455
11.14 The Total Aircraft Drag 457
11.15 Low Speed Aircraft Drag at Take-off and Landing 457
11.16 Propeller Aircraft Drag 461
11.17 Military Aircraft 461
11.18 Supersonic Drag 462
11.19 Classroom Example – Civil Aircraft 464
11.20 Classroom Example – Subsonic Military Aircraft (AJT) 470
11.21 Classroom Example – Turboprop Trainer (TPT) 472
11.22 Classroom Example – Supersonic Military Aircraft 475
11.23 Drag Comparison 482
11.24 Some Concluding Remark 483
Graphs 483
References 485
12.0 Aircraft Power Plant and integration 33 pages
12.1 Overview of the Chapter 486
12.2 Background 486
12.3 Definitions 490
12.4 Introduction – Air-breathing Aircraft Engine Types 491
12.5 Simplified representation of gas turbine cycle 495
12.6 Formulation/Theory – Isentropic Case 496
12.7 Engine Integration to Aircraft – Installation Effects 501
12.8 Intake Design 505
12.9 Exhaust Nozzle and Thrust Reverser 507
12.10 Propeller 509
12.11 Propeller Theory 512
12.12 Propeller Performance - use of charts - applications 515
References 518
13.0 Aircraft Power Plant Performance 26 pages
13.1 Overview of the Chapter 519
13.2 Introduction 519
13.3 Uninstalled Turbofan Engine - Civil 523
13.4 Installed Engine Performance Data of Matched Engines 529
13.5 Installed Propeller Performance data 532
13.6 Piston Engine 535
13.7 Engine Performance Grid 540
13.8 Some turbofan data (OPR = overall pressure ratio) 543
References 544
14.0 Aircraft Sizing and Engine Matching 23 pages
14.1 Overview of the Chapter 545
14.2 Introduction 546
14.3 Theory 547
14.4 Classroom Example – Civil Aircraft Design 552
14.5 Sizing Analysis – Civil Aircraft 554
14.6 Classroom Example – Military Aircraft Design (AJT) 556
14.7 Sizing Analysis – Military Aircraft (AJT) 560
14.8 Aircraft Sizing Studies and Sensitivity Study 562
14.9 Discussion 564
References 567
15.0 Aircraft Performance 47 pages
15.1 Overview of the Chapter and Definition 568
15.2 Introduction 569
15.3 Take-off Performance 572
15.4 Landing Performance 579
15.5 Climb Performance 581
15.6 Descent Performance 585
15.7 Checking of the Initial Maximum Cruise Speed Capability 586
15.8 Payload-Range Capability - Derivation of Range Equations 586
15.9 Aircraft Performance Substantiation–Classroom Examples (Bizjet) 588
15.10 Aircraft Performance Substantiation - Military advanced Jet Trainer (AJT) 603 597
15.11 Propeller driven aircraft 610 04
15.12 Summarised Discussion of the design 611 05
References 614
16.0 Aircraft Cost Considerations »28 pages
16.1 Overview of the Chapter 615
16.2 Introduction 616
16.3 Aircraft Cost and Operational Cost 619
16.4 Aircraft Costing Methodology – The Rapid Cost Mode 623
16.5 Aircraft Direct Operating Cost (DOC) 633
16.5 Aircraft Performance Management (APM) 639
References 642
PART III - Further Design Considerations
17.0 Aircraft Load 15 pages
17.1 Overview 643
17.2 Introduction 643
17.3 Flight Maneuvers 645
17.4 Aircraft Load 646
17.5 Theory and Definition 647
17.6 Limits – Loads and Speeds 648
17.7 V – n Diagram 649
17.8 Gust Envelope 653
References 657
18.0 Stability Consideration 28 pages
18.1 Overview of the Chapter and Definition 658
18.2 Introduction 658
18.3 Static and Dynamic Stability 659
18.4 Theory 664
18.5 Current Statistical Trends for Horizontal and Vertical Tail Coefficients 669
18.6 Stick Force - Aircraft Control Surfaces and Trim tabs 669
18.7 Inherent Aircraft Motions as Characteristics of Design 671
18.8 Design considerations for stability – Civil Aircraft 676
18.9 Military Aircraft – non-linear effects 679
18.10 Active Control Technology (ACT) – Fly-by-wire (FBW) 680
18.11 Summary of Design considerations for stability 684
References 684
19.0 Materials and Structures »39 pages
19.1 Overview of the Chapter and Definition 686
19.2 Introduction 686
19.3 Function of structure – Loading 688
19.4 Basic Definitions – Structures 691
19.5 From Structure to Material 692
19.6 Basic Definitions – Materials 693
19.7 Material Properties 695
19.8 Considerations with respect to design 695
19.9 Structural Configuration 701
19.10 Materials – General Considerations 706
19.11 Metals 708
19.12 Wood and Fabric 710
19.13 Composite Materials 710
19.14 Structural Configurations 715
19.15 Rules of Thumb & Concept Checks 722
19.16 Finite Element Analysis (FEA)/Finite Element Method (FEM) 725
References 726
20.0 Aircraft Manufacturing Considerations »22 pages
20.1 Overview of the Chapter and Definition 727
20.2 Introduction 729
20.3 Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DFM/A) 729
20.4 Manufacturing Practices 730
20.5 Six Sigma Concept 732
20.6 Tolerance Relaxation at the wetted surface 733
20.7 Reliability and Maintainability 736
20.8 Design Considerations 736
20.9 ‘Design for Customer’ (a figure of merit) 739
20.10 Digital Manufacturing Process Managemen6t 743
References 747
21.0 Miscellaneous Design Considerations »48 pages
21.1 Overview of the Chapter 748
21.2 Introduction 749
21.3 History of FAA - the Role of Regulation 750
21.4 Flight Test 753
21.5. Contribution by the ground effect on take-off 755
21.6 Aircraft Environmental Issues 756
21.7 Flying in Adverse Environment 759
21.8 Military Aircraft Flying Hazards 765
21.9 End of Life Disposal 765
22.10 Extended Range Twin Engine Operation (ETOP) 766
21.11 Flight and Human physiology 766
21.12 Some Emerging Scenario 768
References 769
22.0 Systems »35 pages
22.1 Overview of the Chapter 770
22.2 Introduction 770
22.3 Environment issues 771
22.3.1 Noise Emissions 772
22.4 Safety issues 773
22.5 Aircraft Flight Deck (Cockpit) Layout 775
22.6 Aircraft Systems 784
22.7 Description of Systems required to fly in Adverse Environment 795
22.8 Military Aircraft Survivality 798
References 804
23.0 Computational Fluid Dynamics 12 pages
23.1 Overview of the Chapter 805
23.2 Introduction 806
23.3 Current Status 807
23.4 Approach Road to CFD analysis 809
23.5 Some Case Studies 811
23.6 Hierarchy of CFD simulation Methods 812
23.7 Summary of Discussion 814
References 815
24.0 Electric Aircraft 19 pages
23.1 Overview 816
24.2 Introduction 816
24.3 Energy Storage 818
24.4 Prime Mover – Motors 820
24.5 Electric powered aircraft power train 821
24.6 Hybrid Electric Aircraft (HEA) 823
24.7 Distributed Electric Propulsion (DEP) 825
24.8 Electric Aircraft Related Theory/Analyses 825
24.9 Electric powered aircraft sizing 828
24.10 Discussion 830
24.11 Worked out Example 832
References 834
Appendices (8+8+7+7) »13 pages
Appendix A Conversion 835
Appendix B Standard Atmosphere Table 837
Appendix C Fundamental Equations 839
Appendix D Case Studies 845
Appendix E Aerofoil 853
NACA4412 854
NACA4415 855
NACA23012 856
NACA64-210 857 0
NACA65-410 858
NACA652-415 859
Appendix F Goodyear tire charts 860
Index 862
