[eBook Code] Introduction to the Physics and Techniques of Remote Sensing (eBook Code, 3rd)

· 제목 : [eBook Code] Introduction to the Physics and Techniques of Remote Sensing (eBook Code, 3rd) 
· 분류 : 외국도서 > 기술공학 > 기술공학 > 영상학
· ISBN : 9781119523123
· 쪽수 : 560쪽
· 출판일 : 2021-04-21

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1-1 Types and Classes of Remote Sensing Data 2

1-2 Brief History of Remote Sensing 5

1-3 Remote Sensing Space Platforms 15

1-4 Transmission Through the Earth and Planetary Atmospheres 18

References and Further Reading 20

CHAPTER 2 NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 22

2-1 Fundamental Properties of Electromagnetic Waves 22

2-1-1 Electromagnetic Spectrum 22

2-1-2 Maxwell’s Equations 23

2-1-3 Wave Equation and Solution 24

2-1-4 Quantum Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation 24

2-1-5 Polarization 25

2-1-6 Coherency 26

2-1-7 Group and Phase Velocity 27

2-1-8 Doppler Effect 29

2-2 Nomenclature and Definition of Radiation Quantities 32

2-2-1 Radiation Quantities 32

2-2-2 Spectral Quantities 33

2-2-3 Luminous Quantities 34

2-3 Generation of Electromagnetic Radiation 34

2-4 Detection of Electromagnetic Radiation 37

2-5 Interaction of Electromagnetic Waves with Matter: Quick Overview 37

2-6 Interaction Mechanisms Throughout the Electromagnetic Spectrum

Exercises 41

References and Further Reading 45

CHAPTER 3 SOLID SURFACES SENSING IN THE VISIBLE AND NEAR INFRARED 46

3-1 Source Spectral Characteristics 46

3-2 Wave-Surface Interaction Mechanisms 49

3-2-1 Reflection, Transmission, and Scattering 49

3-2-2 Vibrational Processes 54

3-2-3 Electronic Processes 57

3-2-4 Fluorescence 63

3-3 Signature of Solid Surface Materials 64

3-3-1 Signature of Geologic Materials 64

3-3-2 Signature of Biologic Materials 65

3-3-3 Depth of Penetration 67

3-4 Passive Imaging Sensors 71

3-4-1 Imaging Basics 74

3-4-2 Sensor Elements 75

3-4-3 Detectors 76

3-5 Types of Imaging Systems 83

3-6 Description of Some Visible/Infrared Imaging Sensors 87

3-6-1 Landsat-Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) 88

3-6-2 Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER)

3-6-3 Mars Orbitor Camera (MOC)

3-6-4 Mars Exploration Rover Panchromatic Camera (Pancam) 90

3-6-5 Cassini Imaging Instrument

3-6-6 Juno Imaging System

3-6-7 Europa Imaging System

3-6-8 Cassini Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS)

3-6-9 Chandryon Imaging Spectrometer M3

3-6-10 Sentinel Multispectral Imager

3-6-11 Airborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer

3-7 Active Sensors 93

3-8 Surface Sensing at Very Short Wavelengths 103

3-8-1 Radiation Sources 104

3-8-2 Detection 105

3-9 Image Data Analysis

3-9-1 Detection and Delineation

3-9-2 Classification

3-9-3 Identification

Exercises

References and Further Reading 110

CHAPTER 4 SOLID-SURFACE SENSING: THERMAL INFRARED 114

4-1 Thermal Radiation Laws 114

4-1-1 Emissivity of Natural Terrain 115

4-1-2 Emissivity from the Sun and Planetary Surfaces 118

4-2 Heat Conduction Theory 119

4-3 Effect of Periodic Heating 122

4-4 Use of Thermal Emission in Surface Remote Sensing 125

4-4-1 Surface Heating by the Sun 125

4-4-2 Effect of Surface Cover 127

4-4-3 Separation of Surface Units Based on Their Thermal Signature 129

4-4-4 Example of Application in Geology

4-4-5 Effects of Clouds on Thermal Infrared Sensing 129

4-5 Use of Thermal Infrared Spectral Signature in Sensing 133

4-6 Thermal Infrared Sensors 137

4-6-1 Heat Capacity Mapping Radiometer 137

4-6-2 Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner

4-6-3 ASTER Thermal Infrared Sensor

4-6-4 Spitzer Space Telescope

4-6-5 2001 Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS)

4-6-6 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)

Exercises 139

References and Further Reading 141

CHAPTER 5 SOLID-SURFACE SENSING: MICROWAVE EMISSION 142

5-1 Power-Temperature Correspondence 143

5-2 Simple Microwave Radiometry Models 144

5-2-1 Effects of Polarization 145

5-2-2 Effects of Observation Angle 147

5-2-3 Effects of the Atmosphere 147

5-2-4 Effects of Surface Roughness 147

5-3 Applications and Use in Surface Sensing 148

5-3-1 Application in Polar Ice Mapping 149

5-3-2 Application in Soil Moisture Mapping 152

5-3-3 Measurement Ambiguity 152

5-4 Description of Microwave Radiometers 154

5-4-1 Antenna and Scanning Configuration for Real-Aperture Radiometers 155

5-4-2 Synthetic-Aperture Radiometers 156

5-4-3 Receiver Subsystem 157

5-4-4 Data Processing 157

5-5 Examples of Developed Radiometers

5-5-1 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR)

5-5-2 Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I)

5-5-3 Tropical Rainfall Mapping Mission Microwave Imager (TMI)

5-5-4 Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E)

5-5-5 SMAP Radiometer

Exercises

References and Further Reading 160

CHAPTER 6 SOLID-SURFACE SENSING: MICROWAVE AND RADIO FREQUENCIES 161

6-1 Surface Interaction Mechanisms 163

6-1-1 Surface Scattering Models 163

6-1-2 Absorption Losses and Volume Scattering 167

6-1-3 Effects of Polarization 168

6-1-4 Effects of the Frequency 169

6-1-5 Effects of the Incidence Angle 170

6-1-6 Scattering from Natural Terrain 171

6-2 Basic Principles of Radar Sensors 176

6-2-1 Antenna Beam Characteristics 177

6-2-2 Signal Properties: Spectrum 182

6-2-3 Signal Properties: Modulation 184

6-2-4 Range Measurement and Discrimination 186

6-2-5 Doppler (Velocity) Measurement and Discrimination 190

6-2-6 High-Frequency Signal Generation 191

6-3 Imaging Sensors: Real Aperture Radars 193

6-3-1 Imaging Geometry 193

6-3-2 Range Resolution 194

6-3-3 Azimuth Resolution 195

6-3-4 Radar Equation 195

6-3-5 Signal Fading 196

6-3-6 Fading Statistics 199

6-3-7 Geometric Distortion 203

6-4 Imaging Sensors: Synthetic Aperture Radars 203

6-4-1 Synthetic-Array Approach 203

6-4-2 Focused Versus Unfocused SAR 205

6-4-3 Doppler-Synthesis Approach 207

6-4-4 SAR Imaging Coordinate System 208

6-4-5 Ambiguities and Artifacts 209

6-4-6 Point Target Response 210

6-4-7 Correlation With Point Target Response

6-4-8 Advanced SAR Techniques 213

6-4-9 Description of an SAR Sensors 214

6-4-10 Applications of Imaging Radars 218

6-5 Nonimaging Radar Sensors: Scatterometers 221

6-5-1 Examples of Scatterometer Instruments 222

6-5-2 Example of Scatterometer Data 229

6-6 Nonimaging Radar Sensors: Altimeters 230

6-6-1 Examples of Altimeter Instruments 231

6-6-2 Altimeter Applications 233

6-6-3 Imaging Altimetry

6-6-4 Wide Swath Ocean Altimeter 234

6-7 Nonconventional Radar Sensors 236

6-8 Subsurface Sounding

Exercises 238

References and Further Readings 239

CHAPTER 7 OCEAN SURFACE SENSING 242

7-1 Physical Properties of the Ocean Surface 242

7-1-1 Tides and Currents 243

7-1-2 Surface Waves 244

7-2 Mapping of the Ocean Topography 248

7-2-1 Geoid Measurement 249

7-2-2 Surface Wave Effects 251

7-2-3 Surface Wind Effects

7-2-4 Dynamic Ocean Topography

7-2-5 Acillary Measurements 252

7-3 Surface Wind Mapping 252

7-3-1 Observations Required 253

7-3-2 Nadir Observations 254

7-4 Ocean Surface Imaging 257

7-4-1 Radar Imaging Mechanisms 257

7-4-2 Examples of Ocean Features on Radar Images 260

7-4-3 Imaging of Sea Ice 260

7-4-4 Ocean Color Mapping 263

7-4-5 Ocean Surface Temperature Mapping

7-4-6 Ocean Salinity Mapping

Exercises 267

References and Further Reading 270

CHAPTER 8 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ATMOSPHERIC SENSING AND RADIATIVE TRANSFER 273

8-1 Physical Properties of the Atmosphere 273

8-2 Atmospheric Composition 277

8-3 Particulates and Clouds 279

8-4 Wave Interaction Mechanisms in Planetary Atmospheres 279

8-4-1 Resonant Interactions 279

8-4-2 Spectral Line Shape 284

8-4-3 Nonresonant Absorption 287

8-4-4 Nonresonant Emission 289

8-4-5 Wave Particle Interaction, Scattering 289

8-4-6 Wave Refraction 290

8-5 Optical Thickness 291

8-6 Radiative Transfer Equation 292

8-7 Case of a Nonscattering Plane Parallel Atmosphere 294

8-8 Basic Concepts of Atmospheric Remote Sounding 296

8-8-1 Basic Concept of Temperature Sounding 296

8-8-2 Basic Concept of Composition Sounding 298

8-8-3 Basic Concept of Pressure Sounding 298

8-8-4 Basic Concept of Density Measurement 298

8-8-5 Basic Concept of Wind Measurement

Exercises 298

References and Further Reading 299

CHAPTER 9 ATMOSPHERIC REMOTE SENSING IN THE MICROWAVE REGION 300

9-1 Microwave Interactions with Atmospheric Gases 300

9-2 Basic Concept of Downlooking Sensors 302

9-2-1 Temperature Sounding 303

9-2-2 Constituent Density Profile: Case of Water Vapor 307

9-3 Basic Concept for Uplooking Sensors 311

9-4 Basic Concept for Limblooking Sensors 313

9-5 Inversion Concepts 316

9-6 Basic Elements of Passive Microwave Sensors 317

9-7 Surface Pressure Sensing 320

9-8 Atmospheric Sounding by Occultation 320

9-9 Microwave Scattering by Atmospheric Particles 322

9-10 Radar Sounding of Rain 323

9-11 Radar Equation for Precipitation Measurement

9-12 The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)

9-13 Rain Cube

9-14 Cloudsat

9-15 Cassini Microwave Radiometer

9-16 Juno Microwave Radiometer

Exercises 326

References and Further Reading 327

CHAPTER 10 MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER SENSING OF ATMOSPHERES 330

10-1 Interaction with Atmospheric Constituents 330

10-2 Downlooking Sounding 334

10-3 Limb Sounding 336

10-4 Elements of a Millimeter Sounder

10-5 Submillimeter Atmospheric Sounder

Exercises 339

References and Further Reading 343

CHAPTER 11 ATMOSPHERIC REMOTE SENSING IN THE VISIBLE AND INFRARED 344

11-1 Interaction of Visible and Infrared Radiation with the Atmosphere 344

11-1-1 Visible and Near-Infrared Radiation 344

11-1-2 Thermal Infrared Radiation 348

11-1-3 Resonant Interactions 350

11-1-4 Effects of Scattering by Particulates 350

11-2 Downlooking Sounding 353

11-2-1 General Formulation for Emitted Radiation 353

11-2-2 Temperature Profile Sounding 354

11-2-3 Simple Cases Weighting Functions 356

11-2-4 Weighting Functions for Off Nadir Observations 358

11-2-5 Composition Profile Sounding 358

11-3 Limb Sounding 359

11-3-1 Limb Sounding by Emission 360

11-3-2 Limb Sounding by Absorption 362

11-3-3 Illustrative Example: Pressure Modulator Radiometer 362

11-3-4 Illustrative Example: Fourier Transform Spectroscopy 363

11-4 Sounding of Atmospheric Motion 365

11-4-1 Passive Techniques 368

11-4-2 Passive Imaging of Velocity Field: Helioseismology

11-4-3 Multiangle Imaging of SpectroRadiometer (MISR) 372

11-4-4 Active Techniques 373

11-5 Atmospheric Sensing at Very Short Wavelengths

Exercises 375

References and Further Reading 375

CHAPTER 12 IONOSPHERIC SENSING 379

12-1 Properties of Planetary Ionospheres 379

12-2 Wave Propagation in Ionized Media 381

12-3 Ionospheric Profile Sensing by Topside Sounding 384

12-4 Ionospheric Profile by Radio Occultation

Exercises 386

References and Further Reading 387

APPENDIX A USE OF MULTIPLE SENSORS FOR SURFACE OBSERVATIONS 388

APPENDIX B SUMMARY OF ORBITAL MECHANICS RELEVANT TO REMOTE SENSING 393

B-1 Circular Orbits 393

B-1-1 General Characteristics 393

B-1-2 Geosynchronous Orbits 395

B-1-3 Sun-Synchronous Orbits 395

B-1-4 Coverage 399

B-2 Elliptical Orbits 402

B-3 Orbit Selection

Exercises 404

APPENDIX C SIMPLIFIED WEIGHTING FUNCTIONS 405

C-1 Case of Downlooking Sensors (Exponential Atmosphere) 405

C-2 Case of Downlooking Sensors (Linear Atmosphere) 406

C-3 Case of Upward Looking Sensors 407

APPENDIX D COMPRESSION OF A LINEAR FM CHIRP SIGNAL

INDEX 409