[eBook Code] Handbook of Large Hydro Generators (eBook Code, 1st)

· 제목 : [eBook Code] Handbook of Large Hydro Generators (eBook Code, 1st) (Operation and Maintenance)
· 분류 : 외국도서 > 기술공학 > 기술공학 > 전력자원 > 일반
· ISBN : 9781119524182
· 쪽수 : 672쪽
· 출판일 : 2020-11-11

1              PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES            9

1.1          INTRODUCTION TO BASIC NOTIONS ON ELECTRIC POWER              10

1.1.1      Magnetism and Electromagnetism           10

1.1.2      Electricity             12

1.2          ELECTRICAL-MECHANICAL EQUIVALENCE              12

1.3          ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC)     13

1.4          THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS 15

1.5          BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MACHINE OPERATION        15

1.5.1      Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction         16

1.5.2      Ampere–Biot–Savart's Law          16

1.5.3      Lenz's Law of Action and Reaction            16

1.5.4      Electromechanical Energy Conversion     17

1.6          THE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE   17

1.6.1      Background        17

1.6.2      Principles of Construction            18

1.6.3      Rotor Windings 19

1.6.4      Stator Windings 19

1.7          SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE – BASIC OPERATION  20

1.7.1      Magnetic Representation             20

1.7.2      Generator Mode – Steady-State Using Vectors   21

1.7.3      System Support – Reactive Power             22

1.7.4      Motor Operation              22

1.7.5      Equivalent Circuit             23

1.7.6      Machine Losses 24

2              GENERATOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION           27

2.1          STATOR CORE    28

2.1.1      Laminations        28

2.1.2      Lamination - Slot and Yoke Section           29

2.1.3      Core Piling (stacking) and Clamping          30

2.2          STATOR FRAME 33

2.3          ELECTROMAGNETICS     35

2.4          CORE-END HEATING       38

2.5          FLUX AND ARMATURE REACTION             38

2.6          STATOR CORE AND FRAME FORCES          40

2.7          STATOR WINDINGS         41

2.8          STATOR WINDING WEDGES         45

2.9          ENDWINDING SUPPORT SYSTEMS            48

2.10        STATOR WINDING CONFIGURATIONS     49

2.11        STATOR TERMINAL CONNECTIONS           49

2.12        ROTOR RIM        50

2.13        ROTOR SPIDER/DRUM   56

2.14        ROTOR POLE BODY          57

2.15        ROTOR WINDING AND INSULATION         59

2.16        AMORTISSEUR WINDING              61

2.17        SLIP/COLLECTOR RINGS AND BRUSH GEAR            62

2.18        COOLING Air      62

2.19        ROTOR FANS/BLOWER  63

2.20        ROTOR INERTIA, TORQUE, AND TORSIONAL STRESS          64

2.21        THRUST AND GUIDE BEARINGS  66

2.21.1    Introduction       66

2.21.2    Important Concepts        67

2.21.3    Thrust Bearings 68

2.21.4    Thrust Bearing Pressure 70

2.21.5    Guide Bearings  70

2.21.6    Deterioration and Failure of the Bearing Surface 72

3              GENERATOR AUXILIARY SYSTEMS             79

3.1          OIL SYSTEMS      80

3.2          STATOR SURFACE AIR COOLING SYSTEM 82

3.2.1      Construction      82

3.2.2      Function              83

3.2.3      Replacement Surface Air Coolers               83

3.2.4      Maintenance     84

3.3          BEARING COOLING COILS AND WATER SUPPLY    84

3.4          STATOR WINDING DIRECT COOLING WATER SYSTEM        85

3.4.1      System Components and Functions         85

3.5          EXCITATION SYSTEMS    87

3.5.1      Types of Excitation Systems        87

3.6          EXCITATION SYSTEM PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS 88

4              OPERATION AND CONTROL         91

4.1          BASIC OPERATING PARAMETERS               92

4.1.1      Machine Rating 93

4.1.2      Apparent Power               93

4.1.3      Power Factor     94

4.1.4      Real Power         95

4.1.5      Terminal Voltage              96

4.1.6      Stator Current   96

4.1.7      Field Voltage      96

4.1.8      Field Current      96

4.1.9      Speed   97

4.1.10    Short-Circuit Ratio           97

4.1.11    Volts per Hertz  97

4.2          OPERATING MODES        99

4.2.1      Shutdown           99

4.2.2      Field Applied Offline (Open Circuit)          99

4.2.3      Synchronized and Loaded (Online)           99

4.2.4      Start-up Operation          99

4.2.5      Online Operation             100

4.2.6      Shutdown Operation      100

4.3          MACHINE CURVES           100

4.3.1      Open-Circuit Saturation Characteristic    100

4.3.2      Short circuit Characteristic           101

4.3.3      Capability Curves             101

4.3.4      V-Curves             104

4.4          SPECIAL OPERATING CONDITIONS            104

4.4.1      Unexcited Operation ("Loss-of-Field" Condition) 104

4.4.2      Negative Sequence Currents       105

4.4.3      Load Cycling and Repetitive Starts            106

4.4.4      Overloading       108

4.4.5      Loss of Cooling  108

4.4.6      Over Fluxing       109

4.4.7      Runaway and Overspeed              109

4.4.8      Loss of Lubricating Oil     109

4.4.9      Out-of-Step Synchronization and "Near" Short Circuits     110

4.4.10    Under and Over Frequency Operation (U/F and O/F)        110

4.5          BASIC OPERATION CONCEPTS     110

4.5.1      Steady-State Operation 110

4.5.2      Equivalent Circuit and Vector Diagram    111

4.5.3      Power Transfer Equation between the Generator and the Connected System       111

4.5.4      Working with the Fundamental Circuit Equation 112

4.5.5      Parallel Operation of Generators              114

4.5.6      STABILITY            115

4.5.7      Sudden Short Circuits     117

4.5.8      SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS           118

4.5.9      Voltage and Frequency Variation              119

4.5.10    Negative Sequence Current        119

4.5.11    Over Current      125

4.5.12    Current Transients           126

4.6          GRID-INDUCED TORSIONAL VIBRATIONS 126

4.6.1      Determination of Shaft Torque and Shaft Torsional Stress              126

4.6.2      Material Changes Due to Torsional Vibrations      126

4.6.3      Types of Grid-Induced Events     127

4.7          EXCITATION AND VOLTAGE REGULATION              128

4.7.1      The Exciter          128

4.7.2      Excitation control             129

5              MONITORING AND DIAGNOSTICS             131

5.1          GENERATOR MONITORING PHILOSOPHIES           132

5.1.1      SIMPLE MONITORING WITH STATIC HIGH LEVEL ALARM LIMITS   133

5.2          DYNAMIC MONITORING WITH LOAD VARYING ALARM LIMITS      134

5.3          ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS       137

5.4          MONITORED PARAMETERS          139

5.4.1      Generator Electrical Parameters 140

5.4.2      Stator Core and Frame   144

5.4.3      Stator Winding  147

5.5          RADIO FREQUENCY MONITORING            156

5.6          CAPACITIVE COUPLING 156

5.7          STATOR SLOT COUPLER 158

5.8          ROTOR  158

5.9          EXCITATION SYSTEM       165

6              GENERATOR PROTECTION            169

6.1          BASIC PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY              170

6.1.1      Generator Protection System     171

6.2          IEEE Device Number       172

6.3          BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PROTECTIVE FUNCTIONS 172

6.3.1      Synchronizer and Sync-Check Relays (Functions 15 and 25)            173

6.3.2      Stator Ground Protection (Functions 59G and 27TH)         173

6.3.3      Phase Backup Protection (Functions 21 and 51VC)             174

6.3.4      Volts/Hertz Protection (Function 24)        175

6.3.5      Reverse/Forward Power Protection (Functions 32R and 32F)         176

6.3.6      Over/Undervoltage Protection (Functions 59 and 27)       177

6.3.7      Loss of Field Protection (Function 40)      177

6.3.8      Stator Unbalanced Current Protection (Function 46)         178

6.3.9      Voltage Balance Protection (Function 60)               178

6.3.10    Breaker Failure Protection (Function 50BF)           179

6.3.11    Rotor Ground Fault Protection (Function 64F)      180

6.3.12    Inadvertent Energization Protection (50/27)         180

6.3.13    Out-of-Step Operation (Function 78)       181

6.3.14    Over-/Under-Frequency Protection (Function 81O/U)      182

6.3.15    Generator Differential Protection (Function 87)  182

6.4          TRIPPING AND ALARMING METHODS      183

7              INSPECTION PRACTICES AND METHODOLOGY     187

7.1          SITE PREPARATION         188

7.1.1      Foreign Material Exclusion           188

7.1.2      Foreign Material Exclusion Procedures   190

7.2          EXPERIENCE AND TRAINING        191

7.2.1      SAFETY PROCEDURES - ELECTRICAL CLEARANCES               191

7.3          INSPECTION FREQUENCY              193

7.4          GENERATOR ACCESSIBILITY         194

7.5          INSPECTION TOOLS         195

7.6          INSPECTION FORMS       196

8              STATOR INSPECTION      204

8.1          STATOR FRAME SOLEPLATES       205

8.2          STATOR FRAME – GENERAL         210

8.3          STATOR CORE AIR DUCTS              214

8.4          STATOR CORE LAMINATIONS      215

8.5          STATOR CORE CLAMPING SYSTEM            227

8.6          STATOR COILS / BARS     233

8.7          FLOW RESTRICTION IN WATER-COOLED STATOR WINDINGS         239

8.8          STATOR WEDGING SYSTEM          241

8.9          STATOR ENDWINDING   245

8.10        MAIN AND NEUTRAL END LEADS, CABLES, VTS, CTS AND INSULATORS      248

9              Rotor Inspection              252

9.1          ROTOR SPIDER WITH SHRUNK LAMINATED RIMS 254

9.2          ROTOR RIM        259

9.3          ROTOR POLES    262

9.4          Rotor Brakes      273

10           AUXILLIARIES INSPECTION           278

10.1        EXCITATION – FIELD BREAKER     279

10.2        EXCITATION – STATIC EXCITER COMPONENTS     281

10.3        BRUSHLESS EXCITER        281

10.4        STATIC EXCITER TRANSFORMER 283

10.5        EXCITATION – ROTATING EXCITERS          283

10.6        EXCITATION - SLIPRINGS, COMMUTATOR AND BRUSHES 288

10.7        SURFACE AIR COOLERS  298

10.8        FIRE PROTECTION            300

10.9        GENERAL ITEMS                302

10.10     THRUST AND GUIDE BEARING    305

10.11     MISCELLANEOUS AUXILIARIES    307

11           MAINTENANCE AND TESTING     309

11.1        STATOR CORE MECHANICAL        310

11.1.1    Core Tightness  310

11.1.2    Core and Frame Vibration and Testing    311

11.2        STATOR CORE ELECTRICAL TESTS               314

11.2.1    ELCID Testing     314

11.2.2    ELCID Test Procedure     314

11.2.3    High Energy Flux Test     316

11.2.4    Open-circuit saturation curve     324

11.2.5    Short- circuit saturation curve    325

11.2.6    Through-Stud Insulation Resistance         325

11.3        STATOR WINDING MECHANICAL TESTS   325

11.3.1    Wedge Tightness             325

11.4        STATOR WINDING MECHANICAL TESTS   327

11.4.1    Stator EndWinding Vibration       327

11.5        STATOR WINDING ELECTRICAL TESTS       328

11.5.1    Pretesting Requirements              328

11.5.2    Components of the Winding        328

11.5.3    Stator Winding Semiconducting/Stress Control Repair     333

11.5.4    AC Testing           335

11.5.5    Very Low Frequency (VLF) Testing            342

11.5.6    Dc testing            343

11.5.7    Direct versus Alternating Voltage Testing               351

11.5.8    Polarization Index (PI)    352

11.5.9    Stepped or Ramped Voltage test               355

11.5.10  DC High Potential Test   356

11.5.11  AC High Potential Test   356

11.6        ROTOR MECHANICAL TESTING   358

11.6.1    Rotor Nondestructive Examination          358

11.6.2    Rotor NDE specifics         364

11.7        ROTOR ELECTRICAL TESTING       368

11.7.1    Winding Resistance         368

11.7.2    Insulation Resistance (IR)              369

11.7.3    DC Over Voltage Test      371

11.7.4    Shorted Turns    371

11.7.5    Traditonal Pole Drop Test             372

11.7.6    Impedance Test (VIW)   372

11.7.7    Recurrent Surge Test      373

11.8        Bearings               373

11.8.1    NDE       373

11.8.2    Insulation Resistance      374

11.9        HEAT-RUN TESTING        374

11.9.1    Test Procedure 375

11.9.2    Acceptance Parameters 375

12           MAINTENANCE PHILOSOPHIES, UPGRADES & UPRATES   378

12.1        GENERAL MAINTENANCE PHILOSOPHIES               379

12.1.1    Breakdown Maintenance             379

12.1.2    Planned Maintenance    379

12.1.3    Predictive Maintenance 379

12.1.4    Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM)     380

12.2        OPERATIONAL AND MAINTENANCE HISTORY       380

12.3        MAINTENANCE INTERVALS/Frequency   381

12.4        Planned Outages              381

12.4.1    Minor Outage    382

12.4.2    Major Outage    382

12.5        REHABILITATION, UPRATING/UPGRADING & LIFE EXTENSION       383

12.6        EXCITATION SYSTEM UPGRADES 389

12.6.1    Static Pilot and Conventional Rotating Main Exciter           389

12.6.2    Static Pilot and Rotating Brushless Diode Exciter 390

12.6.3    Rotating Brushless Thyristor Exciter         390

12.6.4    Full Static Exciters            392

12.6.5    Limiters 393

12.6.6    Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR)         394

12.6.7    Reactive and Active Compensation or Droop        394

12.6.8    Field Current Regulator (FCR)     394

12.6.9    Digital Measuring Transducers   394

12.6.10  The Power Circuit             394

12.7        WORKFORCE      396

12.8        SPARE PARTS     397

12.9        EFFECT OF UPRATING ON GENERATOR LIFE          398

12.10     REQUIRED INFORMATION, TESTS AND INSPECTION PRIOR TO UPRATING/UPGRADING      399

12.11     MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE AFTER UPRATING       400

Index