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· 분류 : 외국도서 > 과학/수학/생태 > 과학 > 물리학 > 일반
· ISBN : 9781119554691
· 쪽수 : 608쪽
· 출판일 : 2020-03-09
목차
Table of Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Light and Colour
1.1 Light and colour
1.1.1 Light rays
1.1.2 Light waves
1.1.3 Photons
1.1.4 Energy levels
1.1.5 Waves and particles
1.1.6 Colour
1.2 Light waves
1.3. Light waves and colour
1.4. Interference
1.4.1 Two waves with the same wavelength
1.4.2 Two waves with different wavelengths
1.4.3 Phase and group velocity
1.4.4 Light pulses
1.4.5 Superluminal and subluminal light
1.5 Light sources
1.6 Incandescence
1.6.1. Incandescence and black body radiation
1.6.2 The colour of incandescent objects
1.7 Luminescence
1.8 Laser light
1.8.1 Emission and absorption of radiation
1.8.2 Energy level populations
1.8.3 Rates of absorption and emission
1.8.4 Cavity modes
1.8.5 Coherence length and bandwidth
1.8.6 Supercontinuum light
1.9 Vision
1.10 Colour perception
1.11 Additive coloration
1.12 Subtractive coloration
1.13 The interaction of light with a material: appearance
1.13.1 Reflection
1.13.2 Diffuse reflectance
1.13.3 Elastic scattering
1.134 Inelastic scattering
1.13.5 Absorption
1.13.6 Attenuation
1.13.7 Structural colour, iridescence and electron excitation colour
Further reading
Problems and exercises
Chapter 2 Colour Due to Refraction and Dispersion
2.1 Refraction and the refractive index of a material
2.2 Total internal reflection
2.2.1 Refraction at an interface
2.2.2 Evanescent waves
2.3 Refractive index and polarizability
2.4 Refractive index and density
2.5 Invisible animals, GRINS and mirages
2.6 Dispersion and colours produced by dispersion
2.7 Rainbows
2.8 Halos
2.9 Fibre optics
2.9.1 Optical communications
2.9.2 Optical fibres
2.9.3 Attenuation in glass fibres
2.9.4 Chemical impurities
2.9.5 Dispersion and optical fibre design
2.10 Metamaterials and negative refractive index
2.10.1 Metamaterials
2.10.2 Hyperlenses
2.10.3 Invisibility cloaks
2.10.4 Metasurfaces and flat lenses
2.11 The electro-optic effect and photorefractive materials
Further reading
Problems and exercises
Chapter 3 The Production of Colour by Reflection
3.1 Reflection from a single surface
3.1.1 Reflection from a transparent plate
3.1.2 Data storage using reflection
3.2 Reflection from a single thin film in air
3.2.1 Reflection perpendicular to the film
3.2.2 Variation with viewing angle
3.2.3 Transmitted beams
3.3 The colour of a single thin film in air
3.4 The reflectivity of a single thin film in air
3.5 The colour of a single thin film on a substrate
3.6 The reflectivity of a single thin film on a substrate
3.7 Low-reflection and high-reflection films
3.7.1 Antireflection coatings
3.7.2 Antireflection layers
3.7.3 Graded index antireflection coatings
3.7.4 High reflectivity surfaces
3.7.5 Interference modulated (IMOD) displays
3.8 Multiple thin films
3.8.1 Dielectric mirrors
3.8.2 Multilayer stacks
3.8.3 Interference filters and distributed Bragg reflectors
3.9 Fibre Bragg Gratings
3.10 “Smart” windows
3.10.1 Low-emissivity windows
3.10.2 Self-cleaning windows
3.11 Thin film colours in nature
3.11.1 Single thin film reflection
3.11.2 Multilayer mirrors
3.11.3 Multilayer colour generation
3.11.4 Multilayer reflectors in blue butterflies
Further reading
Problems and exercises
Chapter 4 Polarization and Crystals
4.1 Polarization of light
4.2 Polarized light and vision
4.3 Polarization by reflection
4.4 Polars
4.5 Crystal symmetry and refractive index
4.6 Double refraction: calcite as an example
4.6.1 Double refraction
4.6.2 Refractive index and crystal structure
4.7 The description of double refraction effects
4.7.1 Uniaxial crystals
4.7.2 Biaxial crystals
4.8 Colour produced by polarization and birefringence
4.9 Dichroism, trichroism and pleochroism
4.10 Nonlinear effects
4.10.1 Nonlinear crystals
4.10.2 Second- and third-harmonic generation
4.10.3 Frequency mixing
4.10.4 Optical parametric amplifiers and oscillators
4.11 Frequency matching and phase matching
4.12 More on second harmonic generation
4.12.1 Polycrystalline solids and powders
4.12.2 Second-harmonic generation in glass
4.12.3 Second-harmonic and sum-frequency generation by organic materials
4.12.4 Second-harmonic generation at interfaces
4.12.5 Second-harmonic microscopy
4.13 Optical activity
4.13.1 The rotation of polarized light by molecules
4.13.2 The rotation of polarized light by crystals
4.13.3 Circular birefringence and dichroism
4.14 Liquid crystals
4.14.1 Liquid-crystal mesophases
4.14.2 Liquid-crystal displays
Further reading
Problems and exercises
Chapter 5 Colour Due to Scattering
5.1 Scattering and extinction
5.2 Tyndall blue and Rayleigh scattering
5.3 Blue skies, red sunsets
5.4 Scattering and polarization
5.5 Mie scattering
5.6 Blue eyes, blue feathers and blue moons
5.7 Paints, sunscreens and related matters
5.8 Multiple scattering
5.9 Gold sols and ruby glass
5.10 The Lycurgus Cup and other stained glass
Further Reading
Problems and Exercises
Chapter 6 Colour Due to Diffraction
6.1 Diffraction and scattering
6.2 Diffraction and colour production by a slit
6.3 Diffraction and colour production by a rectangular aperture
6.4 Diffraction and colour production by a circular aperture
6.5 The diffraction limit of optical instruments
6.6 Colour production by linear diffraction gratings
6.7 Two-dimensional gratings
6.8 Estimation of the wavelength of light by diffraction
6.9 Diffraction by crystals and crystal-like structures
6.9.1 Bragg’s Law
6.9.2 Opals
6.10 Photonic crystals
6.10.1 Artificial and inverse opal structures
6.10.2 Diffraction from cubic photonic crystals
6.10.3 The effective refractive index of cubic photonic crystals
6.10.4 Dynamical form of Bragg’s law
6.10.5 Photonic band gaps
6.10.6 Photonic crystals in nature
6.10.7 Photonic crystal fibres
6.11 Disordered diffraction gratings
6.11.1 Random specks and droplets
6.11.2 Halos, coronae and glories
6.11.3 Colour from cholesteric liquid crystals
6.11.4 Natural helicoidal structures
6.11.5 Disordered two- and three-dimensional gratings
6.12 Diffraction by sub-wavelength structures
6.12.1 Diffraction by moth-eye antireflection structures
6.12.2 The cornea of the eye
6.12.3 Some blue feathers
6.13 Holograms
6.13.1 Holograms and interference patterns
6.13.2 Transmission holograms
6.13.3 Reflection holograms
6.13.4 Rainbow holograms
6.13.5 Hologram recording media
6.13.6 Embossed holograms
6.14 Hologram formation
6.14.1 Interference of two coherent light waves
6.14.2 Image formation
Further reading
Problems and exercises
Chapter 7 Colour from Atoms and Ions
7.1 The spectra of atoms and ions
7.2 The spectrum of hydrogen
7.3 Terms and levels
7.4 Atomic spectra and chemical analysis
7.5 Fraunhofer lines and stellar spectra
7.6 Neon signs and plasma displays
7.7 The helium-neon laser
7.8 Sodium and mercury street lights
7.9 Atomic and optical clocks
7.9.1 Clocks
7.9.2 Atomic clocks
7.9.3 The 133Cs atomic clock
7.9.4 Optical Clocks
7.10 Transition-metal cation colours: overview
7.11 Crystal field splitting
7.11.1 d-orbital interactions
7.11.2 Term splitting
7.11.3 Energies
7.11.4 Selection rules
7.12 The crystal-field colours of transition-metal ions
7.12.1 3d1, 3d4, 3d5, 3d6 and 3d9 cations
7.12.2 3d2, 3d3, 3d7 and 3d8 cations
7.12.3 Octahedral and tetrahedral coordination
7.12.4 Thermochromism, piezochromism and crystal-field splitting
7.13 Crystal field colours in minerals and gemstones
7.13.1 The colour of ruby
7.13.2 Emerald, chrome alum and alexandrite
7.13.3 Malachite, azurite and turquoise
7.14 Colour as a structural probe
7.15 Transition-metal-ion lasers
7.15.1 The ruby laser: a three-level laser
7.15.2 The titanium-sapphire laser
7.16 Colours from lanthanoid ions
7.16.1 Lanthanoid ion colours: general
7.16.2 The colour of Ce3+ and Eu2+
7.16.3 f-f colours: Pr3+, Tm3+, Nd3+ and Dy3+
7.17 The neodymium (Nd3+) solid state laser: a four-level laser
7.18 Optical amplifiers
7.18.1 Amplification of optical fibre signals
7.18.2 Fibre lasers
7.19 Transition metal and lanthanoid pigments
Further reading
Problems and exercises
Chapter 8 Colour from Molecules
8.1 The energy levels of molecules
8.1.1 Electronic, vibrational and rotational energy levels
8.1.2 Molecular orbitals
8.1.3 Molecular orbitals in large molecules
8.1.4 Origin of molecular colours
8.2 The colours of some simple inorganic molecules
8.2.1 Halogens and similar molecular species
8.2.2 Auroras
8.2.3 Candles and fireworks
8.3 The colour of water
8.4 Ultramarine pigments and related colours
8.5 Organic chromophores, chromogens and auxochromes
8.6 Conjugated bonds in organic molecules: the carotenoids
8.7 Non-linear conjugated bonds involving N atoms: pterins
8.8 Conjugated bonds circling metal atoms: porphyrins and phthalocyanines
8.8.1 Porphin
8.8.2 Chlorophylls
8.8.3 Haemoglobins and related molecules
8.8.4 Phthalocyanins
8.9 Naturally occurring colorants: flavonoid pigments
8.9.1 Flavone related colours: yellows
8.9.2 Anthocyanin related colours: reds and blues
8.9.3 The colour of red wine
8.10 Autumn leaves
8.11 Some dyes and pigments
8.11.1 Indigo, Tyrian purple and Mauve
8.11.2 Tannins
8.11.3 Melanins
8.12 Charge-transfer colours
8.12.1 Charge-transfer processes
8.12.2 Cation-to-cation (intervalence) charge transfer
8.12.2.1 Prussian blue
8.12.2.2 Blueprints
8.12.2.3 Aquamarine and some other minerals and gemstones
8.12.3 Anion-to-cation charge transfer
8.12.4 Iron containing minerals
8.13 Colour-change sensors
8.13.1 The detection of metal ions
8.13.2 Indicators
8.13.3 Colorimetric sensor films and arrays
8.13.4 Markers
8.14 Dye lasers
8.15 Photochromic organic molecules
8.16 Biological cell stains
Further reading
Problems and exercises
Chapter 9 Luminescence
9.1 Photoluminescence: activators, sensitizers and fluorophores
9.2 Photonic processes in photoluminescence
9.2.1 Fluorescence
9.2.2 Phosphorescence
9.2.3 Thermally activated delayed fluorescence, (TADF)
9.2.4 Anti-Stokes-shift luminescence
9.3 Atomic processes in photoluminescence
9.3.1 Quantum yield and reaction rates
9.3.2 Structural interactions
9.3.3 Quenching
9.3.3.1 Thermal quenching
9.3.3.2 Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)
9.3.3.3 Concentration quenching
9.3.3.4 Photobleaching
9.3.3.5 Dexter electron transfer
9.3.4 Ultralong organic phosphorescence, OLP
9.3.5 Aggregation-induced fluorescence
9.4 Inorganic luminescence
9.4.1 Fluorescent lamps
9.4.2 Halophosphate lamps
9.4.3 Trichromatic lamps
9.4.4 Other fluorescent lamps
9.5 Plasma displays
9.6 Fluorescent organic molecules
9.6.1 Fluorescent molecular tags and proteins
9.6.2 Green fluorescent protein
9.6.3 Other fluorescent proteins
9.6.4 Photoactivatable fluorescent proteins PA-FP
9.6.5 The mechanism of photoswitching
9.6.6 Synthetic fluorescent dyes
9.7 Microscopy
9.7.1 Fluorescence microscopy
9.7.2 Multiphoton excitation microscopy
9.7.3 Super-resolution imaging
9.8 Upconversion
9.8.1 Upconversion via lanthanoid cations
9.8.2 Ground state absorption and excited state absorption
9.8.3 Energy transfer
9.9.4 Other lanthanoid upconversion processes
9.9.5 Organic molecule sensitizers
9.9.6 Triplet-triplet annihilation
9.10 Quantum cutting
9.11 Fluorescent markers and sensors
9.12 Long-lifetime emission
9.12.1 Persistent luminescence
9.12.2 Photostimulable luminescence
9.13.3 Radiophotoluminesence
9.12.4 Optically stimulated luminescence in thermochronometry
9.12.5 Thermoluminescence
9.13 Scintillators
9.14 Chemiluminescent light emission
9.14.1 Chemiluminescence
9.14.2 Bioluminescence
9.14.3 Electrochemiluminescence
9.14.3.1 Annihilation pathway
9.14.3.2 Co-reactant pathway
9.15 Mechanoluminescence and related light emission
9.15.1 Triboluminescence
9.15.2 Sonoluminescence
9.16 Phosphor electroluminescent displays
9.17 Organic molecule electroluminescence and OLEDs
9.17.1 Molecular electroluminescence
9.17.2 Early OLED development
9.17.3 Later developments
9.17.4 White OLEDs and lighting
Further reading
Problems and exercises
Chapter 10 Colour in Insulators, Semiconductors and Metals
10.1 The colours of insulators
10.2 Excitons
10.3 Impurity colours in insulators
10.4 Colour centres
10.4.1 The F centre
10.4.2 Electron-excess and hole-excess centres
10.4.3 Impurity colours in diamond
10.4.4 Surface colour centres
10.4.5 Complex colour centres: laser action
10.4.6 Tenebrescence
10.5 The colours of inorganic semiconductors
10.5.1 Coloured semiconductors
10.5.2 Transparent conducting oxides
10.6 The colours of semiconductor alloys
10.7 Light emitting diodes (LEDs)
10.7.1 Direct and indirect band gaps
10.7.2 Idealised diode structure
10.7.3 High brightness LEDs
10.7.4 Impurity doping in LEDs
10.7.5 LED displays and white light generation
10.7.6 Perovskite LEDs
10.8 Semiconductor diode lasers
10.9 Semiconductor nanostructures
10.9.1 Nanostructures
10.9.2 Quantum wells
10.9.3 Two-dimensional light emitting layered structures
10.9.4 Quantum wires and rods
10.9.5 Quantum dots
10.9.5 QLEDs
10.10 Electrochromic films
10.10.1 Tungsten trioxide electrochromic films
10.10.2 Inorganic electrochromic materials
10.10.3 Electrochromic polymers
10.11 Photovoltaics
10.11.1 Photovoltaics and photoconductivity
10.11.2 Photodiodes and solar cells
10.11.3 Dye sensitized solar cells
10.11.4 Perovskite solar cells
10.12 Digital photography
10.12.1 Charge coupled devices (CCDs)
10.12.2 CCD imaging
10.13 The colours of metals
10.13.1 Metallic materials
10.13.2 Reflectivity of metals
10.13.3 Reflectivity and free electron theory
10.13.4 The colour of copper, silver and gold
10.14 The colours of metal nanoparticles
10.14.1 Surface plasmons and polaritions
10.14.2 Polychromic glass
10.14.3 Photochromic glass
10.14.4 Metal nanoparticle sensors and SERS
10.15 Extraordinary light transmission and plasmonic crystals
Further reading
Problems and exercises
Appendices
Appendix 1 Definitions, units and conversion factors
A 1.1 Constants, energy and conversion factors
A 1.2 Waves
A 1.3 SI units associated with radiation and light
Appendix 2 The colour of a thin film in white light
Appendix 3 Hologram formation
A 3.1 Interference of two coherent light waves
A 3.2 Image formation
A 3.3 Wave overlap and interference
Appendix 4 Atomic electron configurations and energy levels
A 4.1 Electron configurations of the lighter atoms
A 4.2 The 3d transition metals
A 4.3 The lanthanoid elements
A 4.4 The vector model of the atom
A 4.5 Energy levels and terms of many electron atoms
A 4.6 The ground state term of an atom
A 4.7 Energy levels of many electron atoms
