[eBook Code] An Introduction to Self-adaptive Systems (eBook Code, 1st)

· 제목 : [eBook Code] An Introduction to Self-adaptive Systems (eBook Code, 1st) (A Contemporary Software Engineering Perspective)
· 분류 : 외국도서 > 기술공학 > 기술공학 > 전자공학 > 마이크로 일렉트로닉스
· ISBN : 9781119574927
· 쪽수 : 288쪽

Foreword xi

Acknowledgments xv

Acronyms xvii

Introduction xix

1 Basic Principles of Self-Adaptation and Conceptual Model 1

1.1 Principles of Self-Adaptation 2

1.2 Other Adaptation Approaches 4

1.3 Scope of Self-Adaptation 5

1.4 Conceptual Model of a Self-Adaptive System 5

1.4.1 Environment 5

1.4.2 Managed System 7

1.4.3 Adaptation Goals 8

1.4.4 Feedback Loop 8

1.4.5 Conceptual Model Applied 10

1.5 A Note on Model Abstractions 11

1.6 Summary 11

1.7 Exercises 12

1.8 Bibliographic Notes 14

2 Engineering Self-Adaptive Systems: A Short Tour in Seven Waves 17

2.1 Overview of the Waves 18

2.2 Contributions Enabled by the Waves 20

2.3 Waves Over Time with Selected Work 20

2.4 Summary 22

2.5 Bibliographic Notes 23

3 Internet-of-Things Application 25

3.1 Technical Description 25

3.2 Uncertainties 28

3.3 Quality Requirements and Adaptation Problem 29

3.4 Summary 29

3.5 Exercises 30

3.6 Bibliographic Notes 31

4 Wave I: Automating Tasks 33

4.1 Autonomic Computing 34

4.2 Utility Functions 35

4.3 Essential Maintenance Tasks for Automation 37

4.3.1 Self-Optimization 37

4.3.2 Self-Healing 38

4.3.3 Self-Protection 40

4.3.4 Self-Configuration 42

4.4 Primary Functions of Self-Adaptation 43

4.4.1 Knowledge 44

4.4.2 Monitor 46

4.4.3 Analyzer 47

4.4.4 Planner 49

4.4.5 Executor 51

4.5 Software Evolution and Self-Adaptation 52

4.5.1 Software Evolution Management 53

4.5.2 Self-Adaptation Management 54

4.5.3 Integrating Software Evolution and Self-Adaptation 55

4.6 Summary 56

4.7 Exercises 59

4.8 Bibliographic Notes 60

5 Wave II: Architecture-based Adaptation 63

5.1 Rationale for an Architectural Perspective 64

5.2 Three-Layer Model for Self-Adaptive Systems 66

5.2.1 Component Control 67

5.2.2 Change Management 67

5.2.3 Goal Management 68

5.2.4 Three-Layer Model Applied to DeltaIoT 68

5.2.5 Mapping Between the Three-Layer Model and the Conceptual Model for Self-Adaptation 70

5.3 Reasoning about Adaptation using an Architectural Model 70

5.3.1 Runtime Architecture of Architecture-based Adaptation 71

5.3.2 Architecture-based Adaptation of the Web-based Client-Server System 73

5.4 Comprehensive Reference Model for Self-Adaptation 75

5.4.1 Reflection Perspective on Self-Adaptation 76

5.4.2 MAPE-K Perspective on Self-Adaptation 78

5.4.3 Distribution Perspective on Self-Adaptation 79

5.5 Summary 83

5.6 Exercises 84

5.7 Bibliographic Notes 87

6 Wave III: Runtime Models 89

6.1 What is a Runtime Model? 90

6.2 Causality and Weak Causality 90

6.3 Motivations for Runtime Models 91

6.4 Dimensions of Runtime Models 92

6.4.1 Structural versus Behavioral 93

6.4.2 Declarative versus Procedural 94

6.4.3 Functional versus Qualitative 95

6.4.3.1 Functional Models 95

6.4.3.2 Quality Models 95

6.4.4 Formal versus Informal 98

6.5 Principal Strategies for Using Runtime Models 101

6.5.1 MAPE Components Share K Models 101

6.5.2 MAPE Components Exchange K Models 103

6.5.2.1 Runtime Models 103

6.5.2.2 Components of the Managing System 104

6.5.3 MAPE Models Share K Models 105

6.6 Summary 108

6.7 Exercises 109

6.8 Bibliographic Notes 114

7 Wave IV: Requirements-driven Adaptation 115

7.1 Relaxing Requirements for Self-Adaptation 116

7.1.1 Specification Language to Relax Requirements 116

7.1.1.1 Language Operators for Handling Uncertainty 116

7.1.1.2 Semantics of Language Primitives 118

7.1.2 Operationalization of Relaxed Requirements 118

7.1.2.1 Handing Uncertainty 118

7.1.2.2 Requirements Reflection and Mitigation Mechanisms 119

7.1.2.3 A Note on the Realization of Requirements Reflection 121

7.2 Meta-Requirements for Self-Adaptation 122

7.2.1 Awareness Requirements 123

7.2.2 Evolution Requirements 124

7.2.3 Operationalization of Meta-requirements 126

7.3 Functional Requirements of Feedback Loops 127

7.3.1 Design and Verify Feedback Loop Model 128

7.3.2 Deploy and Execute Verified Feedback Loop Model 130

7.4 Summary 131

7.5 Exercises 132

7.6 Bibliographic Notes 134

8 Wave V: Guarantees Under Uncertainties 137

8.1 Uncertainties in Self-Adaptive Systems 139

8.2 Taming Uncertainty with Formal Techniques 141

8.2.1 Analysis of Adaptation Options 141

8.2.2 Selection of Best Adaptation Option 143

8.3 Exhaustive Verification to Provide Guarantees for Adaptation Goals 144

8.4 Statistical Verification to Provide Guarantees for Adaptation Goals 149

8.5 Proactive Decision-Making using Probabilistic Model Checking 154

8.6 A Note on Verification and Validation 160

8.7 Integrated Process to Tame Uncertainty 160

8.7.1 Stage I: Implement and Verify the Managing System 161

8.7.2 Stage II: Deploy the Managing System 162

8.7.3 Stage III: Verify Adaptation Options, Decide, and Adapt 163

8.7.4 Stage IV: Evolve Adaptation Goals and Managing System 163

8.8 Summary 164

8.9 Exercises 165

8.10 Bibliographic Notes 168

9 Wave VI: Control-based Software Adaptation 171

9.1 A Brief Introduction to Control Theory 173

9.1.1 Controller Design 174

9.1.2 Control Properties 175

9.1.3 SISO and MIMO Control Systems 176

9.1.4 Adaptive Control 177

9.2 Automatic Construction of SISO Controllers 177

9.2.1 Phases of Controller Construction and Operation 178

9.2.2 Model Updates 179

9.2.3 Formal Guarantees 181

9.2.4 Example: Geo-Localization Service 183

9.3 Automatic Construction of MIMO Controllers 184

9.3.1 Phases of Controller Construction and Operation 184

9.3.2 Formal Guarantees 186

9.3.3 Example: Unmanned Underwater Vehicle 186

9.4 Model Predictive Control 189

9.4.1 Controller Construction and Operation 189

9.4.2 Formal Assessment 191

9.4.3 Example: Video Compression 192

9.5 A Note on Control Guarantees 194

9.6 Summary 194

9.7 Exercises 196

9.8 Bibliographic Notes 199

10 Wave VII: Learning from Experience 201

10.1 Keeping Runtime Models Up-to-Date Using Learning 203

10.1.1 Runtime Quality Model 204

10.1.2 Overview of Bayesian Approach 205

10.2 Reducing Large Adaptation Spaces Using Learning 208

10.2.1 Illustration of the Problem 208

10.2.2 Overview of the Learning Approach 210

10.3 Learning and Improving Scaling Rules of a Cloud Infrastructure 213

10.3.1 Overview of the Fuzzy Learning Approach 214

10.3.1.1 Fuzzy Logic Controller 214

10.3.1.2 Fuzzy Q-learning 217

10.3.1.3 Experiments 221

10.4 Summary 223

10.5 Exercises 225

10.6 Bibliographic Notes 226

11 Maturity of the Field and Open Challenges 227

11.1 Analysis of the Maturity of the Field 227

11.1.1 Basic Research 227

11.1.2 Concept Formulation 228

11.1.3 Development and Extension 229

11.1.4 Internal Enhancement and Exploration 229

11.1.5 External Enhancement and Exploration 230

11.1.6 Popularization 230

11.1.7 Conclusion 231

11.2 Open Challenges 231

11.2.1 Challenges Within the Current Waves 231

11.2.1.1 Evidence for the Value of Self-Adaptation 231

11.2.1.2 Decentralized Settings 232

11.2.1.3 Domain-Specific Modeling Languages 232

11.2.1.4 Changing Goals at Runtime 233

11.2.1.5 Complex Types of Uncertainties 233

11.2.1.6 Control Properties versus Quality Properties 234

11.2.1.7 Search-based Techniques 234

11.2.2 Challenges Beyond the Current Waves 235

11.2.2.1 Exploiting Artificial Intelligence 235

11.2.2.2 Dealing with Unanticipated Change 236

11.2.2.3 Trust and Humans in the Loop 236

11.2.2.4 Ethics for Self-Adaptive Systems 237

11.3 Epilogue 239

Bibliography 241

Index 263