Theory and Design for Mechanical Measurements (Paperback, 7th Edition, International Adaptation)

1 FUNDAMENTAL OF MEASUREMENTS 1.1 Introduction 1.2 General Measurement System 1.3 Experimental Test Plan 1.4 Calibration 1.5 Standards 1.6 Presenting Data 1.7 Loading Effects 1.8 Applications of Measurement Systems Summary Nomenclature References Problems 2 STATIC AND DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SIGNALS 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Input/Output Signal Concepts 2.3 Signal Analysis 2.4 Signal Amplitude and Frequency 2.5 Fourier Transform and the Frequency Spectrum Summary References Suggested Reading Nomenclature, Problems 3 MEASUREMENT SYSTEM BEHAVIOR 3.1 Introduction, 3.2 General Model for a Measurement System 3.3 Special Cases of the General System Model 3.4 Transfer Functions 3.5 Phase Linearity 3.6 Multiple-Function Inputs 3.7 Coupled Systems Summary References Nomenclature Subscripts Problems 4 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Statistical Measurement Theory 4.3 Describing the Behavior of a Population 4.4 Statistics of Finite-Sized Data Sets 4.5 Hypothesis Testing 4.6 Chi-Squared Distribution 4.7 Regression Analysis 4.8 Data Outlier Detection 4.9 Number of Measurements Required 4.10 Monte Carlo Simulations 4.11. Maximum Likelihood Theory Summary References Nomenclature Problems 5 ERRORS AND UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Measurement Errors 5.3 Design-Stage Uncertainty Analysis 5.4 Identifying Error Sources 5.5 Systematic and Random Errors and Standard Uncertainties 5.6 Uncertainty Analysis: Multi-Variable Error Propagation 5.7 Advanced-Stage Uncertainty Analysis 5.8 Multiple-Measurement Uncertainty Analysis 5.9 Correction for Correlated Errors 5.10 Nonsymmetrical Systematic Uncertainty Interval Summary References Nomenclature Problems 6 ANALOG ELECTRICAL DEVICES AND MEASUREMENTS 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Analog Devices: Current Measurements 6.3 Analog Devices: Voltage Measurements 6.4 Analog Devices: Resistance Measurements 6.5 Loading Errors and Impedance Matching 6.6 Analog Signal Conditioning: Amplifiers 6.7 Analog Signal Conditioning: Special-Purpose Circuits 6.8 Analog Signal Conditioning: Filters, 6.9 Grounds, Shielding, and Connecting Wires Summary References Nomenclature Problems 7 SAMPLING, DIGITAL DEVICES, AND DATA ACQUISITION 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Sampling Concepts 7.3 Digital Devices: Bits and Words 7.4 Transmitting Digital Numbers: High and Low Signals 7.5 Voltage Measurements 7.6 Data Acquisition Systems 7.7 Data Acquisition System Components 7.8 Analog Input-Output Communication 7.9 Digital Input-Output Communication 7.10 Digital Image Acquisition and Processing Summary References Nomenclature Problems 8 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Temperature Standards and Definition 8.3 Thermometry Based on Thermal Expansion 8.4 Electrical Resistance Thermometry 8.5 Thermoelectric Temperature Measurement 8.6 Radiative Temperature Measurements 8.7 Physical Errors in Temperature Measurement, Summary References Suggested Reading Nomenclature Problems 9 PRESSURE AND VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Pressure Concepts 9.3 Pressure Reference Instruments 9.4 Elastic Pressure Transducers 9.5 Pressure Transducer Calibration 9.6 Pressure Measurements in Moving Fluids 9.7 Modeling Pressure-Fluid Systems 9.8 Design and Installation: Transmission Effects 9.9 Acoustical Measurements 9.10 Fluid Velocity Measuring Systems Summary References Nomenclature Problems 10 FLOWMEASUREMENTS 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Historical Background 10.3 Flow Rate Concepts 10.4 Volume Flow Rate through Velocity Determination 10.5 Pressure Differential Meters 10.6 Insertion Volume Flow Meters 10.7 Mass Flow Meters 10.8 Flow Meter Calibration and Standards 10.9 Estimating Standard Flow Rate Summary References Nomenclature Problems 11 STRAIN MEASUREMENT 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Stress and Strain 11.3 Resistance Strain Gauges 11.4 Strain Gauge Electrical Circuits 11.5 Practical Considerations for Strain Measurement 11.6 Apparent Strain and Temperature Compensation 11.7 Optical Strain Measuring Techniques Summary References Nomenclature Problems 12 MECHATRONICS: SENSORS, ACTUATORS, AND CONTROLS 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Sensors 12.3 Actuators 12.4 Controls Summary References Nomenclature Problems A PROPERTY DATA AND CONVERSION FACTORS B LAPLACE TRANSFORM BASICS B.1 Final Value Theorem B.2 Laplace Transform Pairs C Standard Normal Table Reference GLOSSARY INDEX