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Electromagnetic Shielding: Theory and Applications

Electromagnetic Shielding: Theory and Applications (Hardcover, 2)

Salvatore Celozzi, Rodolfo Araneo, Paolo Burghignoli, Giampiero Lovat (지은이)
Wiley-IEEE Press
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Electromagnetic Shielding: Theory and Applications
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· 제목 : Electromagnetic Shielding: Theory and Applications (Hardcover, 2) 
· 분류 : 외국도서 > 기술공학 > 기술공학 > 전자공학 > 일반
· ISBN : 9781119736288
· 쪽수 : 560쪽
· 출판일 : 2023-01-12

목차

Contents

1 Electromagnetics behind Shielding 7

1.1 De_nitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.2 Notation, Symbology, and Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.3 Macroscopic Electromagnetism and Maxwell's Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.4 Constitutive Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.5 Discontinuities and Singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

1.6 Initial Conditions, Boundary Conditions, and Causality . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

1.7 Poynting's Theorem and Energy Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

1.8 Fundamental Theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

1.8.1 Uniqueness Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

1.8.2 Reciprocity Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

1.8.3 Equivalence Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

1.8.4 Duality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

1.8.5 Symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

1.8.6 Image Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

1.8.7 Babinet's Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

1.9 Wave Equations, Helmholtz's Equations, Potentials, and Green's Functions . . 26

1.10 Basic Shielding Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

1.11 Source Inside or Outside the Shielding Structure and Reciprocity . . . . . . . . 30

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

2 Shielding Materials 33

2.1 Standard Metallic and Ferromagnetic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

2.2 Ferrimagnetic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

2.3 Ferroelectric Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

2.4 Thin Films and Conductive Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

2.5 Other Materials Suitable for EM Shielding Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

2.5.1 Structural Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

2.5.2 Conductive Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

2.5.3 Conductive Glasses and Transparent Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

2.5.4 Conductive (and Ferromagnetic or Ferrimagnetic) Papers . . . . . . . . 44

2.6 Special Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

2.6.1 Metamaterials and Chiral Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

2.6.2 Composite Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

2.6.3 Graphene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

1

2 CONTENTS

2.6.4 Other Nanomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

2.6.5 High-Temperature Superconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

3 Figures of Merit for Shielding Con_gurations 57

3.1 (Local) Shielding E_ectiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

3.2 The Global Point of View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

3.3 Other Proposals of Figures of Merit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

3.4 Energy-Based, Content-Oriented De_nition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

3.5 Performance of Shielded Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

4 Shielding E_ectiveness: Plane Waves 67

4.1 Electromagnetic Plane Waves: De_nitions and Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

4.2 Uniform Plane Waves Incident on a Planar Shield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

4.2.1 Transmission-Line Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

4.2.2 The Single Planar Shield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

4.2.3 Multiple (or Laminated) Shields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

4.3 Plane Waves Normally Incident on Cylindrical Shielding Surfaces . . . . . . . . 78

4.4 Plane Waves against Spherical Shields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

4.5 Extension of the TL Analogy to Near-Field Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

4.5.1 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

5 Shielding E_ectiveness: Near-Field Sources 101

5.1 Spectral-Domain Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

5.1.1 Maxwell's Equations in the Spectral Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

5.1.2 TM/TE Decomposition and Equivalent Transmission Lines . . . . . . . 103

5.1.3 Spectral Dyadic Green's Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

5.1.4 Field Evaluation in the Spatial Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

5.2 LF Magnetic Shielding of Metal Plates: Parallel Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

5.2.1 Spectral-Domain Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

5.2.2 Vector Magnetic-Potential Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

5.2.3 Approximate Formulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

5.3 LF Magnetic Shielding of Metal Plates: Perpendicular Loop . . . . . . . . . . . 120

5.4 LF Magnetic Shielding of Metal Plates: Parallel Current Line . . . . . . . . . . 123

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

6 Transient Shielding 131

6.1 Performance Parameters: De_nitions and Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

6.2 Transient Sources: Plane Waves and Dipoles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

6.2.1 Transient Uniform Plane Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

6.2.2 Transient Dipoles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

6.3 Numerical Solutions via Inverse-Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

6.4 Analytical Solutions in Canonical Con_gurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

6.4.1 Transient Plane Waves on a Single-Layer Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

3

6.4.2 Transient Dipoles: The Cagniard{de Hoop Method . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

7 Numerical Methods for Shielding Analyses 157

7.1 Finite-Element Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

7.2 Method of Moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

7.3 Finite-Di_erence Time-Domain Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

7.4 Finite Integration Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

7.5 Transmission-Line Matrix Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

7.6 Partial Element Equivalent Circuit Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

7.7 Test Case for Comparing Numerical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

8 Apertures in Planar Metal Screens 233

8.1 Historical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

8.2 Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

8.3 Low-Frequency Analysis: Transmission through Small Apertures . . . . . . . . 235

8.4 The Small Circular Aperture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

8.4.1 Bethe's Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

8.4.2 Spectral-Domain Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

8.5 Small Noncircular Apertures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

8.6 Finite Number of Small Apertures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

8.7 Apertures of Arbitrary Shape: Integral-Equation Formulation . . . . . . . . . . 246

8.8 Rules of Thumb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

9 Enclosures 257

9.1 Modal Expansion of Electromagnetic Fields inside a Metallic Enclosure . . . . 258

9.2 Oscillations inside an Ideal Source-Free Enclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

9.3 The Enclosure Dyadic Green Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

9.4 Excitation of a Metallic Enclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

9.5 Damped Oscillations inside Enclosures with Lossy Walls and Quality Factor . . 265

9.6 Apertures in Perfectly Conducting Enclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

9.6.1 Small-Aperture Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

9.6.2 Rigorous Analysis: Integral-Equation Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

9.6.3 Aperture-Cavity Resonances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

9.7 Small Loading E_ects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

9.8 The Rectangular Enclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

9.8.1 Symmetry Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

9.9 Shielding E_ectiveness of a Rectangular Enclosure with an Aperture . . . . . . 278

9.9.1 Numerical models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

9.9.2 Analytical models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

9.10 Case Study: Rectangular Enclosure with a Circular Aperture . . . . . . . . . . 285

9.10.1 External Sources: Plane-Wave Excitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

9.10.2 Internal Sources: Electric and Magnetic Dipole Excitations . . . . . . . 288

9.11 Overall Performance in the Frequency Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

4 CONTENTS

9.12 Overall Performance in the Time Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

10 Cable Shielding 309

10.1 Transfer Impedance in Tubular Shielded Cables and Aperture E_ects . . . . . . 310

10.2 Relationship between Transfer Impedance and Shielding E_ectiveness . . . . . 315

10.3 Actual Cables and Harnesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

11 Components and Installation Guidelines 321

11.1 Gaskets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

11.2 Shielded Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324

11.3 Electromagnetic Absorbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

11.4 Shielded Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

11.5 Air-Ventilation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

11.6 Fuses, Switches, and Other Similar Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328

12 Frequency Selective Surfaces 331

12.1 Analysis of Periodic Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

12.1.1 Floquet Theorem and Spatial Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

12.1.2 Plane-Wave Incidence on a Planar 1D Periodic Structure . . . . . . . . 333

12.1.3 Plane-Wave Incidence on a Planar 2D Periodic Structure . . . . . . . . 335

12.1.4 Integral Equation Formulation for Plane-Wave Incidence and Periodic

Green's Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

12.1.5 Dipole Excitation of Planar 2D Periodic Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

12.2 High- and Low-Pass FSSs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

12.3 Band-Pass and Band-Stop FSSs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

12.3.1 Center-Connected Elements or N-Pole Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

12.3.2 Loop-Type Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

12.3.3 Solid-Interior-Type Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

12.3.4 Combinations and Fractal Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

12.4 Recent Trends in FSSs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

12.4.1 Multilayer and Cascaded FSSs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

12.4.2 3-D FSSs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

12.4.3 2.5-D FSSs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

12.4.4 Recon_gurable and Active FSSs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

12.5 Absorbing FSSs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

12.5.1 Circuit analog absorbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

12.5.2 Absorptive Frequency Selective Reection/Transmission Structures . . . 354

12.6 Modeling and Design of FSSs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

5

13 Shielding Design Guidelines 373

13.1 Establishment of the Shielding Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374

13.2 Assessment of the Number and Types of Functional Discontinuities . . . . . . . 375

13.3 Assessment of Dimensional Constraints and Non-Electromagnetic Characteristics

of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376

13.4 Estimation of Shielding Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

14 Uncommon Ways of Shielding 379

14.1 Active Shielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

14.2 Partial Shields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384

14.3 Chiral Shielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

14.4 Metamaterial Shielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391

A Electrostatic Shielding 399

A.1 Basic Laws of Electrostatics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399

A.2 Electrostatic Tools: Electrostatic Potential and Green's Functions . . . . . . . 402

A.3 Electrostatic Shields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405

A.3.1 Conductive Electrostatic Shields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405

A.3.2 Dielectric Electrostatic Shields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409

A.3.3 Aperture E_ects in Conductive Shields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416

B Magnetic Shielding 417

B.1 Magnetic Shielding Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418

B.2 Calculation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421

B.3 Boundary-Value Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422

B.3.1 Spherical Magnetic Conducting Shield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423

B.3.2 Cylindrical Magnetic Conducting Shield in a Transverse Magnetic Field 426

B.3.3 Cylindrical Magnetic Conducting Shield in a Parallel Magnetic Field . . 431

B.4 Ferromagnetic Shields with Hysteresis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434

C Statistical Electromagnetics for Shielding Enclosures 439

C.1 Statistical Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442

C.2 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448

D Standards and Measurement Methods for Shielding Applications 453

D.1 MIL-STD 285 and IEEE STD-299 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454

D.2 NSA 65-6 and NSA 94-106 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459

D.3 ASTM E1851 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459

D.4 ASTM D4935 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460

D.5 MIL-STD 461G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462

D.6 Code of Federal Regulations, Title 47, Part 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

6 CONTENTS

D.7 ANSInSCTE 48-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471

D.8 MIL-STD 1377 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472

D.9 IEC Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473

D.10 ITU-T Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479

D.11 Automotive Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484

저자소개

Salvatore Celozzi (지은이)    정보 더보기
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