Nanotechnology : Understanding Small Systems, Third Edition (Paperback, 3 ed)

Big Picture and Principles of the Small WorldUnderstanding the Atom: Ex Nihilo Nihil Fit Nanotechnology Starts with a Dare: Feynman’s Big Little Challenges Why One-Billionth of a Meter Is a Big Deal Thinking It Through: The Broad Implications of Nanotechnology Gray Goo Environmental Impact: Risks to Ecosystems and Human Health The Written Word The Bus iness of Nanotech: Plenty of Room at the Bottom Line Too Products Homework Exercises References Recommendations for Further Reading Introduction to Miniaturization Background: The Smaller, the Better Scaling Laws The Elephant and the Flea Scaling in Mechanics Scaling in Electricity and Electromagnetism Scaling in Optics Scaling in Heat Transfer Scaling in Fluids Scaling in Biology Accuracy of the Scaling Laws Homework Exercises Recommendations for further reading Introduction to Nanoscale Physics Background: Newton Never Saw a Nanotub e One Hu ndred Hours and Eight Minutes of Nanoscale Physics The Basics of Quantum Mechanics Atomic Orbitals (Not Orbits) EM Waves How EM Waves Are Made The Quantization of Energy Atomic Spectra and Discreteness The Photoelectric Effect Wave?Particle Duality: The Double-Slit Experiment Bullets Water Waves Electrons The Uncertainty Principle Particle in a Well Summary Homework Exercises References RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER READING Nanomaterials Background: Matter Matters Bonding Atoms to Make Molecules and Solids Ionic Bonding Covalent Bonding Metallic Bonding Walking through Waals: van der Waals Forces Dispersion Force Repulsive Forces van der Waals Force versus Gravity C rystal Structures Structures Small Enough to Be Diff erent (and Usefu l) Particles Colloidal Particles Wires Films, Layers, and Coatings Porous Materials Small-Grained Materials Molecules Carbon Fullerenes and Nanotubes Dendrimers Micelles Summary Homework Exercises Recommendations For Further Reading Nanomechanics Background: The Universe Mechanism Nanomechanics: Which Motions and Forces Make the Cut? A High-Speed Review of Motion: Disp lacement, Velocity, Acceleration, and Force N anomechanical Os cillators: A Tale of Beams and Atoms Beams Free Oscillation Free Oscillation from the Perspective of Energy (and Probability) Forced Oscillation Atoms Lennard-Jones Interaction: How an Atomic Bond Is Like a Spring Quantum Mechanics of Oscillating Atoms Schrodinger Equation and Correspondence Principle Phonons Nanomechanical Oscillator Applications Nanomechanical Memory Elements Nanomechanical Mass Sensors: Detecting Low Concentrations Feeling Faint Forces Scanning Probe Microscopes Pushing Atoms around with the Scanning Tunneling Microscope Skimming across Atoms with the Atomic Force Microscope Pulling Atoms Apart with the AFM Rubbing and Mashing Atoms with the AFM Mechanical Chemistry: Detecting Molecules with Bending Beams Summary Homework Exercises Reference Recommendations for Further Reading Nanoelectronics Background: The Problem (Opp ortunity) Electron Energy Bands Electrons in Solids: Conductors, Insu lators, and Semiconductors Fermi Energy ensity of States for Solids Electron Density in a Conductor Turn Down the Volume! (How to Make a Solid Act More Like an Atom) Quantum Confinement Quantum Structures Uses for Quantum Structures How Small Is Small Enough for Confinement? Conductors: The Metal-to-Insulator Transition Semiconductors: Confining Excitons Band Gap of Nanomaterials Tunneling Electrons Tunnel s ingle Electron Phenomena Two Rules for Keeping the Quantum in Quantum Dot Rule : The Coulomb Blockade Rule : Overcoming Uncertainty Single-Electron Transistor . M olecular Electronics .Molecular Switches and Memory Storage . Summary Homework Exercises Reference RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER READING Nanoscale Heat Transfer Background: Hot Topic A ll Heat Is Nanoscale Heat Boltzmann’s Constant Conduction Thermal Conductivity of Nanoscale Structures Mean Free Path and Scattering of Heat Carriers Thermoelectrics: Better Energy Conversion with Nanostructures Quantum of Thermal Conduction Convection Radiation Increased Radiation Heat Transfer: Mind the Gap! Summary Homework Exercises Recommendations for Further Reading Nanophotonics Background: The Lycurgus Cup and the Birth of the Photon Photonic Properties of Nanomaterials Photon Absorption Photon Emission Photon Scattering Metals Permittivity and the Free Electron Plasma The Extinction Coefficient of Metal Particles Colors and Uses of Gold and Silver Particles Semiconductors Tuning the Band Gap of Nanoscale Semiconductors The Colors and Uses of Quantum Dots Lasers Based on Quantum Confinement N ear-Field Light The Limits of Light: Conventional Optics Near-Field Optical Microscopes Optical Tw eezers Photonic Crystals: A Band Gap for Photons Summary Homework excercise Recommendations for Further Reading Nanoscale Fluid Mechanics Background: Becoming Fluent in Fluids Treating a Fluid the Way It Should Be Treated: The Concept of a Continuum Fluid Motion, Continuum Style: The Navier?Stokes Equations Fluid Motion: Molecular Dynamics Style Fluids at the Nanoscale: Major Concepts Swimming in Molasses: Life at Low Reynolds Numbers Reynolds Number Surface Charges and the Electrical Double Layer Surface Charges at Interfaces Gouy?Chapman?Stern Model and Electrical Double Layer Electrokinetic Phenomena Small Particles in Small Flows: Molecular Diffusion How Fluids Flow at the Nanoscale Pressure-Driven Flow Gravity-Driven Flow Electroosmosis Superposition of Flows Ions and Macromolecules Moving through a Channel Stokes Flow around a Particle The Convection?Diffusion?Electromigration Equation: Nanochannel Electrophoresis Macromolecules in a Nanofluidic Channel Applications of Nanofluidics Analysis of Biomolecules: An End to Painful Doctor Visits? Electroosmotic Pumps: Cooling Off Computer Chips Other Applications Summary Homework Exercises RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER READING Nanobiotechnology Background: Our World in a Cell I ntroduction: How Biology "Feels" at the Nanometer Scale Biological Shapes at the Nanoscale: Carbon and Water Are the Essential Tools Inertia and Gravity Are Insignificant: The Swimming Bacterium Random Thermal Motion The Machinery of the Cell Sugars Are Used for Energy (but also Structure) Glucose Fatty Acids Are Used for Structure (but also Energy) Phospholipids Nucleotides Are Used to Store Information and Carry Chemical Energy Deoxyribonucleic Acid Adenosine Triphosphate Amino Acids Are Used to Make Proteins ATP Synthase Applications of Nanobiotechnology Biomimetic Nanostructures Molecular Motors Summary Homework excercises Recommendations for Further Reading Nanomedicine What Is Nanomedicine? Medical Nanoparticles Nanoshells Lipid-Based Nanoparticles Polymer-Based Nanoparticles and Polymer Therapeutics Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Nanomedicine and Cancer Biomimicry in Nanomedicine Commercial Ex Ploration Summary Homework Exercises Reference Recommendations for Further Reading Glossary, INDEX