Teaching and Researching: Listening (Hardcover, 2 ed)

ContentsGeneral Editors’ Preface ixAcknowledgements xiPreface xiiIntroduction: Perspectives on listening Section I Defining listeningIntroduction: The nature of processing 1 Neurological processing 1.1 Hearing 1.2 Consciousness 1.3 Attention 1.4 Individual differences in neurological processes Summary: Organization of neurological processing 2 Linguistic processing 2.1 Perceiving speech 2.2 Identifying units of spoken language 2.3 Using prosodic features in processing speech 2.4 Recognizing words 2.5 Employing phonotactic knowledge 2.6 Utilizing syntactic parsing 2.7 Integrating non-verbal cues into linguistic processing Summary: Unification of linguistic processing3 Semantic processing 3.1 Comprehension: The role of knowledge structures 3.2 Cognitive understanding: The role of schemas 3.3 Social understanding: The role of common ground3.4 The role of inference in constructing meaning3.5 Listener enrichment of input 3.6 Problem-solving during comprehension 3.7 Reasoning during comprehension3.8 Compensatory strategies during comprehension 3.9 Memory building during comprehension3.10 Comprehension and learningSummary: Comprehension and understanding4 Pragmatic processing 4.1 Listening from a pragmatic perspective4.2 Inferring speaker intention4.3 Detecting deception4.4 Enriching speaker meaning4.5 Invoking social expectations4.6 Adjusting affective involvement 4.7 Formulating responses4.8 Connecting with the speakerSummary: Listening as co-construction of meaning 5 Automatic processing5.1 Goals of automatic processing5.2 Linguistic processing 5.1.2 Syntactic processing5.3 Semantic processing5.4 Pragmatic processingSummary: Automatic processing and human language processing6 Listening in language acquisition6.1 Listening in L1 acquisition: Development of linguistic processing 6.1.1 Lexical acquisition 6.2 Listening in L1 acquisition: Development of semantic processing 6.3 Listening in L1 acquisition: Development of pragmatic processing 6.4 Listening in L2 acquisition: Development of linguistic processing 6.4.1 Syntactic development 6.4.2 Lexical development6.5 Listening in L2 acquisition: Development of semantic processing6.6 Listening in L2 acquisition: Development of pragmatic processingSummary: Comparison of L1 and L2 language acquisitionSection II Teaching listeningIntroduction: The role of teaching in learning to listen 7 Approaches to teaching listening 7.1 Contexts for teaching listening 7.2 SLA research and language pedagogy 7.2.1 Affective filter hypothesis7.2.2 Input hypothesis7.2.3 Interaction hypothesis7.2.4 Processability hypothesis7.2.5 Meta-cognition hypothesis7.2.6 Sociocultural hypothesis7.3 Development of listening instruction Summary: A balanced approach for teaching listening8 Input and interaction 8.1 Relevance 8.2 Genres8.2.1 Narrative8.2.2 Descriptive 8.3 Authenticity8.4 Vocabulary 8.5 Difficulty 8.6 Simplification8.7 Restructuring 8.8 Interaction8.9 StrategiesSummary: Quantity and quality in input and interaction 9 Instructional design 9.1 Structuring learning sequences 9.2 Intensive listening9.3 Selective listening 9.4 Interactive listening9.5 Extensive listening9.6 Responsive listening9.7 Autonomous listening Summary: Fresh instructional design 10 Listening assessment 10.1 Defining the social and educational context for assessment 10.2 Developing criteria and constructs10.3 Formulating a model of listening for assessment10.4 Creating forms of assessment10.5 Adjusting factors that influence test performance10.6 Modeling listener processes during assessment10.7 Assessing listening proficiency in oral interview tests10.8 Describing listening proficiency Summary: Fairness in assessment Section III Researching listeningSection introduction: Direct insight 11 Sociolinguistic orientations11.1 Listener perspective11.2 Listener participation 11.3 Listener response 11.4 Listeners in cross-cultural interactionsSummary: The social dimension of language 12 Psycholinguistic orientations12.1 Listener processing 12.2 Listener memory 12.3 Listener misunderstandings 12.4 Listener strategies Summary: Access to psycholinguistic processes13 Developmental orientations13.1 Academic listening13.2 Listening materials13.3 Autonomous listening 13.4 Teacher training Summary: Mixed methods of researchSection IV Exploring listening14 Resources for further exploration 14.1 Resources for teaching listening 14.1.1 Published sources14.1.2 Internet sources14.1.3 Online listening courses14.1.4 Directories 14.2 Resources for researching listening 14.2.1 Research networks14.2.2 Research tools14.2.3 Research sources and avenues for dissemination Summary: Exploring, researching, teaching Glossary References Index