Linguistics for Language Teachers : Lessons for Classroom Practice (Paperback)

Table of Contents 　 List of tables List of figures Acknowledgements Chapter 1: The Components of Language Introduction Linguistics and Language Teachers 1.3 The Layers 1.4 Linguistic competence 1.5 Myths and Truths About Human Language 1.6 Descriptive Linguistics 1.7 How to use this book Chapter 2: Phonetics: The Sounds of Language 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Why do we need a phonetic alphabet? 2.3 Articulatory phonetics: How sounds are produced 2.4 Consonants 2.4.1 Places of Articulation 2.4.2 Manners of Articulation 2.5 Consonants in other languages 2.6 Vowels 2.6.1 Diphthongs 2.6.2 Phonics vs. Phonetics ? What’s the difference? 2.7 Vowels in other languages 2.8 Suprasegmentals 2.8.1 Length 2.8.2 Stress 2.8.3 Pitch 2.9 Syllable-timed vs. Stress-timed languages 2.10 The importance of the [?] in improving pronunciation in English Recommended Websites Further Reading Exercises References Chapter 3: Phonology: The patterning of sounds 3.1 Introduction 3.2 What does it mean when we say we know a word? 3.3 Phonemes and Allophones 3.4 Natural Classes 3.4.1 Canadian Raising 3.4.2 Vowel Length in English 3.5 Phonological Processes 3.6 Syllables 3.7 How to help students improve their pronunciation in a second language Further Reading Exercises References Chapter 4: Morphology: The analysis of words 4.1 Introduction 4.1 Morphemes 4.2 Classifying Morphemes 4.3 Allomorphs 4.4 Inflection 4.5 Other Morphological Processes 4.6 Teaching Principles of Word Formation to Students Recommended Websites Further Readings Exercises References Chapter 5: Syntax: The Analysis of Sentences Introduction 5.2 Constituency 5.3 Parts of speech 5.4 Phrase structure 5.5 Drawing Tree Diagrams 5.6 Clauses 5.7 Movement 5.8 Application to Teaching and Learning Further Reading Exercises References Chapter 6: Semantics and Pragmatics: The Study of Meanings 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Lexical Semantics 6.2.1 Sense and Reference 6.2.2 Word Relations 6.2.3 Homophony and Polysemy 6.3 Phrasal Semantics 6.4 Pragmatics 6.4.1 Context 6.4.2 Culture 6.4.3 Attitude and Perspective 6.4.4 Having Effective Conversation: Grice’s Maxims 6.4.5 Speech Acts Exercises References Chapter 7: Language in Society 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Dialect 7.3 Language variation 7.3.1 Geography 7.3.2 Social Class 7.3.3 Gender 7.3.4 Age 7.4 Language and Identity 7.5 Language and Discrimination 7.6 Nonstandard Dialects 7.6.1 African American English 7.6.2 Chicano English 7.7 Incorporating Sociolinguistics in the Language Classroom Further Reading Exercises References Chapter 8: Languages in Contact 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Contact Situations 8.3 Borrowing 8.3.1 Lexical Borrowing 8.3.2 Structural Borrowing 8.4 Pidgins 8.5 Creoles 8.6 World Englishes Exercises References Chapter 9: History of English 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Prehistory (to c. 450) 9.3 Old English (c. 450 ? c. 1150) 9.4 Middle English (c. 1150 ? c. 1450) 9.5 Modern English (c. 1450 ? present) 9.6 The Great Vowel Shift 9.7 Northern Cities Chain Shift Exercises References Chapter 10: Bilingualism and language policy 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Prevalence of Bilingualism in the World 10.3 Misconceptions about Bilingualism 10.4 Bilingual Education Programs 10.5 Helping Students Become Bilingual Further Reading Exercises References Chapter 11: Writing systems 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Written Versus Spoken Language 11.3 Writing Systems 11.3.1 Logographic Systems 11.3.2 Phonographic Systems 11.4 Learning to Read and Write References Exercises Glossary Index