Remote Sensing of Earth Based Radar Objects (Hardcover)

Preface xiv Acknowledgements xv PART I - INTRODUCTION A Scope of the subject-description of the research program xvi B Outline of the book xvii PART II : THEORY ON REMOTE SENSING OF EARTH BASED RADAR OBJECTS (CLASSIFICATION -RADAR CONTRAST) Chapter 1: Classification of radar objects Introduction 3 1.2 Traditional classification methods for radar objects 5 1.2.1 Deterministic methods 5 1.2.1.1 Decision function method 5 1.2.1.2 Distance method in the signature space 6 1.2.2 Stochastic methods 7 1.2.2.1 Bayes' method 7 1.2.2.2 Accounting errors of experiments 9 1.3 Modified classification methods for radar objects using polarization parameters 11 1.3.1 Deterministic methods 11 1.3.1.1 Classification based on the radio-wave polarization characteristics 11 1.3.1.2 Classification based on the radar objects polarization characteristics 11 1.3.2 Stochastic methods 12 1.3.2.1 Polarization modified Bayes' method 12 1.3.2.2 The influence of errors on the determination of the boundaries 20 1.3.2.3 The influence of PDF errors on the errors in the signature measurement 23 1.4 Application of polarization-based classification methods 26 1.4.1 Layered vegetation model 26 1.4.2 Computational results 31 1.5 Conclusions 40 Chapter 2: Inverse problem, method and analysis. 2.1 Introduction 42 2.2 Inverse scattering methods 43 2.2.1 Outline of inversion methods 45 Inversion algorithms 47 2.2.2.1 Newton method 47 2.2.2.2 Gradient method 48 2.2.2.3 Conjugate gradient method 49 2.2.2.4 Levenberg-Marquardt method 49 2.3 Example of an electromagnetic inverse scattering problem 50 2.4 Examples of inversion: experiments and simulations 56 2.4.1 Imaging of a bounded object by non-linear inversion in TE scattering 57 Imaging of single and multiple buried (underground) objects with 61 inverse scattering and SAR processing. 2.4.3 Imaging (2D-3D) of biomedical data 65 2.4.4 Depolarization effects in inverse scattering problems: an appraisal of basic factors. 72 2.5 Summary and conclusions 73 2.5.1 Summary of inversion methods 73 2.5.2 Summary of results and conclusions 75 Chapter 3: Description of direct and interfering electromagnetic waves in scattering problems. 3.1 Introduction 78 3.2 Main characteristics of radio wave scattering 81 3.2.1 Phenomenological models 81 3.2.2 Geometrical models 82 3.2.3 Statistical models 84 3.2.3.1 Model 1 84 3.2.3.2 Model 2 86 3.2.3.3 Model 3 88 3.3 The system of independent scatterers 90 3.3.1 General relations 90 3.3.2 Completely chaotic orientation of scatterers 93 3.3.3 Scatterers with predominant horizontal orientation 94 3.3.4 Scatterers with predominant vertical orientation 95 3.4 Classification of the forms of Earth surfaces 98 3.5 Generalized reflection characteristics of Earth surfaces 100 3.6 Polarization characteristics of Earth surfaces 108 3.6.1 Water surface 108 3.6.2 Ground surface 115 3.7 Scattering-reflection modeling: summary 122 3.7.1 Application 122 3.7.2 Verification 122 3.8 Conclusions 123 Chapter 4: Relation between electrodynamic characteristics and radar polarization state. 4.1 Introduction 124 4.2 Smooth homogeneous medium 126 4.3 Smooth inhomogeneous medium 137 4.3.1 General relations 137 4.3.2 Exponential layer 139 4.3.3 Quadratic layer 139 4.3.4 Vertical scanning incidence 140 4.3.4.1 Polynomial layer 140 4.3.4.2 Linear layer 141 4.3.4.3 Parabolic layer 142 4.3.4.4 Matching layer 143 4.3.4.5 Intermediate layer 145 4.3.5 Equation for the scattering matrix elements 147 4.4 Rough surfaces 152 4.4.1 Scattering matrix for model 1 154 4.4.2 Scattering matrix for model 2 155 4.4.3 Scattering matrix for model 3 156 4.4.4 Scattering matrix for model 4 157 4.4.5 Statistical characteristics of the scattering matrix elements 158 Relat