English Phonetics and Phonology : An Introduction (Paperback, 2nd Edition)

List of Sound Recordings viii

Prefaces to the First Edition xi

Preface to the Second Edition xvi

Acknowledgements xviii

Figure 1 The organs of speech xx

Figure 2 The International Phonetic Alphabet xxi

1 English Phonetics: Consonants (i) 1

1.1 Airstream and Articulation 1

1.2 Place of Articulation 2

1.3 Manner of Articulation: Stops, Fricatives and Approximants 5

Exercises 8

2 English Phonetics: Consonants (ii) 10

2.1 Central vs Lateral 10

2.2 Taps and Trills 10

2.3 Secondary Articulation 11

2.4 Affricates 11

2.5 Aspiration 12

2.6 Nasal Stops 12

Exercises 14

3 English Phonetics: Vowels (i) 16

3.1 The Primary Cardinal Vowels 16

3.2 RP and GA Short Vowels 18

Exercises 21

4 English Phonetics: Vowels (ii) 22

4.1 RP and GA Long Vowels 22

4.2 RP and GA Diphthongs 23

Exercises 27

5 The Phonemic Principle 28

5.1 Introduction: Linguistic Knowledge 28

5.2 Contrast vs Predictability: The Phoneme 29

5.3 Phonemes, Allophones and Contexts 36

5.4 Summing Up 37

Exercises 39

6 English Phonemes 41

6.1 English Consonant Phonemes 41

6.2 The Phonological Form of Morphemes 43

6.3 English Vowel Phonemes 47

Exercises 50

7 English Syllable Structure 53

7.1 Introduction 53

7.2 Constituency in Syllable Structure 53

7.3 The Sonority Hierarchy, Maximal Onset and Syllable Weight 58

7.4 Language-Specific Phonotactics 61

7.5 Syllabic Consonants and Phonotactics 62

7.6 Syllable-Based Generalizations 64

7.7 Morphological Structure, Syllable Structure and Resyllabification 65

7.8 Summing Up 68

Exercises 68

8 Rhythm and Word Stress in English 70

8.1 The Rhythm of English 70

8.2 English Word Stress: Is It Entirely Random? 71

8.3 English Word Stress: Some General Principles 74

8.4 Word Stress Assignment in Morphologically Simple Words 75

8.5 Word Stress Assignment and Morphological Structure 79

8.6 Compound Words 84

8.7 Summing Up 86

Exercises 87

9 Rhythm, Reversal and Reduction 90

9.1 More on the Trochaic Metrical Foot 90

9.2 Representing Metrical Structure 93

vi Contents

9.3 Phonological Generalizations and Foot Structure 97

9.4 The Rhythm of English Again: Stress Timing and Eurhythmy 99

Exercises 106

10 English Intonation 107

10.1 Tonic Syllables, Tones and Intonation Phrases 107

10.2 Departures from the LLI Rule 109

10.3 IPs and Syntactic Units 114

10.4 Tonic Placement, IP Boundaries and Syntax 119

10.5 Tones and Syntax 121

10.6 Tonic Placement and Discourse Context 122

10.7 Summing Up 123

Exercises 123

11 Graphophonemics: Spelling–Pronunciation Relations 126

11.1 Introduction 126

11.2 Vowel Graphemes and Their Phonemic Values 127

11.3 Consonant Graphemes and Their Phonemic Values 132

Exercises 138

12 Variation in English Accents 140

12.1 Introduction 140

12.2 Systemic vs Realizational Differences between Accents 141

12.3 Perceptual and Articulatory Space 145

12.4 Differences in the Lexical Distribution of Phonemes 149

Exercises 150

13 An Outline of Some Accents of English 152

13.1 Some British Accents 152

13.2 Two American Accents 161

13.3 Two Southern Hemisphere Accents 164

13.4 An Overview of Some Common Phenomena Found in

Accent Variation 168

Exercises 170

Suggested Further Reading 177

Index 179