What is Morphology? (Paperback, 2nd Edition)

Preface viii

Acknowledgments xiv

Abbreviations xv

Remarks on Transcription xviii

The International Phonetic Alphabet xx

1 Thinking about Morphology and Morphological Analysis 1

1.1 What is Morphology? 1

1.2 Morphemes 2

1.3 Morphology in Action 4

1.4 Background and Beliefs 10

1.5 Introduction to Morphological Analysis 12

1.6 Summary 22

Introduction to Kujamaat Jóola 23

Further Reading 26

Exercises 27

2 Words and Lexemes 33

2.1 What is a Word? 34

2.2 Empirical Tests for Wordhood 38

2.3 Types of Words 40

2.4 Inflection vs. Derivation 47

2.5 Two Approaches to Morphology: Item-and-Arrangement, Item-and-Process 49

2.6 The Lexicon 54

2.7 Summary 57

Kujamaat Jóola Noun Classes 58

Further Reading 67

Exercises 68

3 Morphology and Phonology 73

3.1 Allomorphs 74

3.2 Prosodic Morphology 78

3.3 Primary and Secondary Affixes 82

3.4 Linguistic Exaptation, Leveling, and Analogy 86

3.5 Morphophonology and Secret Languages 93

3.6 Summary 95

Kujamaat Jóola Morphophonology 96

Further Reading 103

Exercises 104

4 Derivation and the Lexicon 109

4.1 The Saussurean Sign 109

4.2 Motivation and Compositionality 110

4.3 Derivation and Structure 123

4.4 Summary 130

Derivation in Kujamaat Jóola 131

Further Reading 132

Exercises 133

5 Derivation and Semantics 136

5.1 The Polysemy Problem 137

5.2 The Semantics of Derived Lexemes 139

5.3 Summary 147

Derivation and Verbs in Kujamaat Jóola 148

Further Reading 151

Exercises 152

6 Inflection 157

6.1 What is Inflection? 159

6.2 Inflection vs. Derivation 168

6.3 Inventory of Inflectional Morphology Types 171

6.4 Syncretism 177

6.5 Typology 178

6.6 Summary 180

Agreement in Kujamaat Jóola 182

Further Reading 187

Exercises 189

7 Morphology and Syntax 196

7.1 Morphological vs. Syntactic Inflection 197

7.2 Structural Constraints on Morphological Inflection 198

7.3 Inflection and Universal Grammar 201

7.4 Grammatical Function Change 203

7.5 Summary 209

Kujamaat Jóola Verb Morphology 212

A Brief Survey of Kujamaat Jóola Syntax 219

Further Reading 222

Exercises 223

8 Morphological Productivity and the Mental Lexicon 226

8.1 What is Morphological Productivity? 227

8.2 Productivity and Structure: Negative Prefixes in English 230

8.3 Degrees of Productivity 231

8.4 Salience and Productivity 236

8.5 Testing Productivity 238

8.6 The Mental Lexicon, Psycholinguistics, and Neurolinguistics 246

8.7 Conclusion 252

Further Reading 253

Exercises 254

Glossary 258

References 273

Index 280