Requirements Engineering for Software and Systems (Hardcover, 2 Revised edition)

Introduction to Requirements Engineering
Motivation
What Is Requirements Engineering?
You Probably Don’t Do Enough Requirements Engineering
What Are Requirements?
     Requirements versus Goals
     Requirements Level Classification
     Requirements Specifications Types
          Functional Requirements
          Nonfunctional Requirements
          Domain Requirements
     Domain Vocabulary Understanding
Requirements Engineering Activities
     Requirements Elicitation/Discovery
     Requirements Analysis and Agreements
     Requirements Representation
     Requirements Validation
     Requirements Management
Bodies of Knowledge
Requirements Engineer
Requirements Engineering Paradigms
     Requirements Engineer as Software Systems Engineer
     Requirements Engineer as Subject Matter Expert
     Requirements Engineer as Architect
     Requirements Engineer as Business Process Expert
     Ignorance as Virtue
Customers’ Role
Problems with Traditional Requirements Engineering
     Complexity
Four Dark Corners
Difficulties in Enveloping System Behavior
     Danger of "All" in Specifications
Exercises
References

Preparing for Requirements Elicitation
Product Mission Statement
Encounter with a Customer
Stakeholders
     Negative Stakeholders
     Stakeholder Identification
          Stakeholder Questions
          Stakeholder/Customer Classes
          Stakeholder Characteristics
Customer Wants and Needs
     What Do Customers Want?
     What Don’t Customers Want?
Why Do Customers Change Their Minds?
Stakeholder Prioritization
Communicating with Customers and Other Stakeholders
     Managing Expectations
Stakeholder Negotiations
Uncovering Stakeholder Goals
Exercises
References

Requirements Elicitation
Introduction
Preparing for Requirements Elicitation
Elicitation Techniques Survey
     Brainstorming
     Card Sorting
     Designer as Apprentice
     Domain Analysis
     Ethnographic Observation
     Goal-Based Approaches
     Group Work
     Interviews
     Introspection
     Joint Application Design (JAD)
     Laddering
     Protocol Analysis
     Prototyping
     Quality Function Deployment
     Questionnaires/Surveys
     Repertory Grids
     Scenarios
     Task Analysis
     User Stories
     Viewpoints
     Workshops
Elicitation Summary
     Which Combination of Requirements Elicitation Techniques Should Be Used?
     Prevalence of Requirements Elicitation Techniques
Eliciting Hazards
     Misuse Cases
     Antimodels
     Formal Methods
Exercises
References

Writing the Requirements Document
Requirements Agreement and Analysis
Requirements Representation Approaches
IEEE Standard 830?1998
     IEEE Standard 830 Recommendations on Representing Nonfunctional Requirements
     IEEE Standard 830 Recommendations on Representing Functional Requirements
          Operating System
          Command Validation
     ISO/IEC Standard 25030
Use Cases
Requirements Document
     Users of a Requirements Document
     Requirements Document Requirements
          Preferred Writing Style
          Text Structure Analysis
          Requirement Format
          Use of Imperatives
Behavioral Specifications
Best Practices and Recommendations
Exercises
References

Requirements Risk Management
What Is Requirements Risk Management?
Requirements Validation and Verification
     Techniques for Requirements V&V
          Walkthroughs
          Inspections
          Goal-Based Requirements Analysis
          Requirements Understanding
          Validating Requirements Use Cases
          Prototyping
     Requirements Validation and Verification Matrices
     Importance of Measurement in Requirements Validation and Verification
          Goal/Question/Metric Analysis
Standards for Validation and Verification
     IEEE Standard 830
          Correctness
          Ambiguity
          Completeness
          Consistency
          Ranking
          Verifiability
          Modifiability
          Traceability
          Example Validation of Requirements
NASA Requirements Testing
     NASA ARM Tool
     Imperatives
     Continuances
     Directives
     Options
     Weak Phrases
          Incomplete
          Subjects
          Specification Depth
          Readability Statistics
          Summary of NASA Metrics
Exercises
References

Formal Methods
Motivation
What Are Formal Methods?
     Formal Methods Classification
     A Little History
     Using Formal Methods
Examples
     Formalization of Train Station in B
     Formalization of Space Shuttle Flight Software Using MurΦ
     Formalization of an Energy Management System Using Category Theory
          Example: Energy Management System
     Requirements Validation
     Theorem Proving
          Program Correctness
          Hoare Logic
     Model Checking
     Integrated Tools
Objections, Myths, and Limitations
     Objections and Myths
     Limitations of Formal Methods
Bowen and Hinchey’s Advice
Exercises
References

Requirements Specification and Agile Methodologies
Introduction to Agile Methodologies
     Principles Behind Agile Manifesto
Extreme Programming (XP)
Scrum
Requirements Engineering for Agile Methodologies
     General Practices in Agile Methodologies
     Example Application of Agile Software Development
     When Is Agile Recommended?
     Agile Requirements Best Practices
     Requirements Engineering in XP
     Requirements Engineering in Scrum
Writing User Stories
Agile Requirements Engineering
     Story-Test-Driven Development
Challenges for Requirements Engineering in Agile Methodologies
Exercises
References

Tool Support for Requirements Engineering
Introduction
Traceability Support
     Requirements Linkage Traceability Matrix
     Requirements Source Traceability Matrix
     Requirements Stakeholder Traceability Matrix
Requirements Management Tools
Open Source Requirements Engineering Tools
     FreeMind
Open Source Requirements Management Tool (OSRMT)
     FitNesse
Requirements Engineering Tool Best Practices
Elicitation Support Technologies
     Using Wikis for Requirements Elicitation
     Mobile Technologies
     Virtual Environments
     Content Analysis
Metrics
Exercises
References

Requirements Management
Introduction
Reconciling Differences
     Managing Divergent Agendas
     Consensus Building
Expectation Revisited: Pascal’s Wager
Global Requirements Management
Antipatterns in Requirements Management
     Environmental Antipatterns
          Divergent Goals
          Process Clash
     Management Antipatterns
          Metric Abuse
          Mushroom Management
Other Paradigms for Requirements Management
     Requirements Management and Improvisational Comedy
     Requirements Management as Scriptwriting
Standards for Requirements Management
     ISO 9001
     Six Sigma
     Capability Maturity Model Integrative (CMMI)
     IEEE 830
     ISO/IEEE 12207
     Usage of Standards
A Case Study: FBI Virtual Case File
Exercises
References

Value Engineering of Requirements
What, Why, When, and How of Value Engineering
     What Is Value Engineering?
     When Does Value Engineering Occur?
     Challenges to Simple Cost versus Risk Analysis
Estimating Using COCOMO and Its Derivatives
     COCOMO
     WEBMO
     COSYSMO
Estimating Using Function Points
     Function Point Cost Drivers
     Feature Points
     Use Case Points
Requirements Feature Cost Justification
     Return on Investment
     Net Present Value
     Internal Rate of Return
     Profitability Index
     Payback Period
     Discounted Payback
Putting It All Together
Exercises
References

Appendix A: Software Requirements Specification for a Smart Home
Appendix B: Software Requirements for a Wastewater Pumping Station Wet Well Control System
Glossary
Index