Electrical Power Transmission System Engineering: Analysis and Design (Hardcover, 3)

Part I: Electrical Design and Analysis
Transmission System Planning
Introduction
Aging Transmission System
Benefits of Transmission
Power Pools
Transmission Planning
Traditional Transmission System Planning Techniques
Models Used in Transmission System Planning
Transmission Route Identification and Selection
Traditional Transmission System Expansion Planning
Traditional Concerns for Transmission System Planning
New Technical Challenges
Transmission Planning After Open Access
Possible Future Actions by FERC
References
Transmission Line Structures and Equipment
Introduction
The Decision Process to Build a Transmission Line
Design Tradeoffs
Traditional Line Design Practice
Transmission Line Structures
Subtransmission Lines
Transmission Substations
SF6-Insulated Substations
Transmission Line Conductors
Insulators
Substation Grounding
Ground Conductor Sizing Factors
Mesh Voltage Design Calculations
Step Voltage Design Calculations
Types of Ground Faults
Ground Potential Rise
Transmission Line Grounds
Types of Grounding
Transformer Classifications
Environmental Impact of Transmission Lines
Transformer Connections
Autotransformers in Transmission Substations
Transformer Selection
Transformer Classifications
References
Fundamental Concepts
Introduction
Factors Affecting Transmission Growth
Stability Considerations
Power Transmission Capability of a Transmission Line
Surge Impedance and Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) of a Transmission Line
Loadability Curves
Compensation
Shunt Compensation
Series Compensation
Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)
Static Var Control (SVC)
Static Var Systems
Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC)
Static Compensator
Thyristor-Controlled Braking Resistor
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Systems (SMES)
Subsynchronous Resonance
Use of Static Compensation to Prevent Voltage Collapse or Instability
Energy Management System
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
Advanced SCADA Concepts
Substation Controllers
Six-Phase Transmission Lines
References
Overhead Power Transmission
Introduction
Review of Basics
Constant Impedance Representation of Loads
Three-Winding Transformers
Autotransformers
Delta-Wye and Wye-Delta Transformations
Transmission Line Constants
Tables of Line Constants
Equivalent Circuits for Transmission Lines
Short Transmission Lines (up to 50 mi or 80 km)
Medium-Length Transmission Lines (up to 150 mi or 240 km)
Long Transmission Lines (above 150 mi or 240 km)
General Circuit Constants
Bundled Conductors
Effect of Ground on Capacitance of Three-Phase Lines
Environmental Effects of Overhead Transmission Lines
Additional Solved Numerical Examples for the Transmission Line Calculations
References
Problems
Underground Power Transmission and Gas Insulated Transmission Lines
Introduction
Underground Cables
Underground Cable Installation Techniques
Electrical Characteristics of Insulated Cables
Sheath Currents in Cables
Positive- and Negative-Sequence Reactance
Zero-Sequence Resistance and Reactance
Shunt Capacitive Reactance
Current-Carrying Capacity of Cables
Calculation of Impedances of Cables in Parallel
EHV Underground Cable Transmission
Gas-Insulated Transmission Lines
Location of Faults in Underground Cables
References
Problems
Direct Current Power Transmission
Basic Definitions
Introduction
Overhead High Voltage DC Transmission
Comparison of Power Transmission Capacity of High Voltage DC and AC
High Voltage DC Transmission Line Insulation
Three-Phase Bridge Converter
Rectification
Per-Unit Systems and Normalizing
Inversion
Multibridge (B-Bridge) Converter Stations
Per-Unit Representation of B-Bridge Converter Stations
Operation of Direct Current Transmission Link
Stability of Control
Use of FACTS and HVDC to Solve Bottleneck Problems in the Transmission Networks
High Voltage Power Electronic Substations
Additional Commends on HVDC Converter Stations
References
Problems
Transient Overvoltages and Insulation Coordination
Introduction
Traveling Waves
Effects of Line Terminations
Junction of Two Lines
Junction of Several Lines
Termination in Capacitance and Inductance
Bewley Lattice Diagram
Surge Attenuation and Distortion
Traveling Waves on Three-Phase Lines
Lightning and Lightning Surges
Shielding Failures of Transmission Lines
Lightning Performance of UHV Lines
Stroke Current Magnitude
Shielding Design Methods
Switching and Switching Surges
Overvoltage Protection
Insulation Coordination
Geomagnetic Disturbances and Their Effects on Power System Operations
References
Problems
Limiting Factors for Extra-High and Ultra-High Voltage Transmission
Introduction
Corona
Radio Noise
Audible Noise
Conductor Size Selection
References
Problems
Symmetrical Components and Fault Analysis
Introduction
Symmetrical Components
The Operator "a"
Resolution of Three-Phase Unbalanced System of Phasors into its Symmetrical Components
Power in Symmetrical Components
Sequence Impedances of Transmission Lines
Sequence Capacitances of Transmission Line
Sequence Impedances of Synchronous Machines
Zero-Sequence Networks
Sequence Impedances of Transformers
Analysis of Unbalanced Faults
Shunt Faults
Series Faults
Determination of Sequence Network Equivalents for Series Faults
System Grounding
Elimination of SLG Fault Current by Using Peterson Coils
Six-Phase Systems
References
Problems
Protective Equipment and Transmission System Protection
Introduction
Interruption of Fault Current
High Voltage Circuit Breakers
Circuit Breaker Selection
Disconnect Switches
Load-Break Switches
Switchgear
The Purpose of Transmission Line Protection
Design Criteria for Transmission Line Protection
Zones of Protection
Primary and Backup Protection
Reclosing
Typical Relays Used on Transmission Lines
Computer Applications in Protective Relaying
References
Problems
Transmission System Reliability
Basic Definitions
National Electric Reliability Council
Index of Reliability
Section 209 of PURPA of 1978
Basic Probability Theory
Combinational Analysis
Probability Distributions
Basic Reliability Concepts
Systems with Repairable Components
Reliability Evaluation of Complex Systems
Markov Processes
Transmission System Reliability Methods
References
Problems
Part II: Mechanical Design and Analysis
Construction of Overhead Lines
Introduction
Factors Affecting Mechanical Design of Overhead Lines
Character of Line Route
Right-of-Way
Mechanical Loading
Required Clearances
Type of Supporting Structures
Mechanical Calculations
Grade of Construction
Line Conductors
Insulator Types
Joint Use by Other Utilities
Conductor Vibration
Conductor Motion Caused by Fault Currents
References
Problems
Sag and Tension Analysis
Introduction
Effect of Change in Temperature
Line Sag and Tension Calculations
Spans of Unequal Length: Ruling Span
Effects of Ice and Wind Loading
National Electric Safety Code
Line Location
Construction Techniques
References
Problems
Appendix A: Impedance Tables for Overhead Lines, Transformers, and Underground Cables
Appendix B: Methods for Allocating Transmission Line Fixed Charges Among Joint Users
Appendix C: New Trends and Regulation
Appendix D: A Guide to the FERC Electric Transmission Facilities Permit Process
Appendix E: Standard Device Numbers Used in Protection Systems
Appendix F: Order No. 1000 of Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
Appendix G: Unit Conversions from the English System to SI System
Appendix H: Unit Conversions from the SI System to English System
Appendix I: Classroom Example to Select Conductors for an EHV Transmission Line Design
Appendix J: Additional Solved Examples of Shunt Faults
Appendix K: Additional Solved Examples of Shunt Faults Using MATLAB^®
Appendix L: Glossary for Transmission System Engineering Terminology
Index