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· 제목 : Computed Tomography : Principles, Design, Artifacts, and Recent Advances (Hardcover, 4 Revised edition)
· 분류 : 외국도서 > 의학 > 방사선학/핵의학
· ISBN : 9781510646872
· 쪽수 : 786쪽
· 출판일 : 2022-09-30
· 분류 : 외국도서 > 의학 > 방사선학/핵의학
· ISBN : 9781510646872
· 쪽수 : 786쪽
· 출판일 : 2022-09-30
목차
- Preface
- Nomenclature and Abbreviations
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 Conventional X-ray Tomography
- 1.2 History of Computed Tomography
- 1.3 Different Generations of CT Scanners
- 1.4 Problems
- References
- 2 Preliminaries
- 2.1 Mathematics Fundamentals
- 2.1.1 Fourier transform and convolution
- 2.1.2 Random variables
- 2.1.3 Linear algebra
- 2.2 Fundamentals of X-ray Physics
- 2.2.1 Production of x rays
- 2.2.2 Interaction of x rays with matter
- 2.3 Measurement of Line Integrals and Data Conditioning
- 2.4 Sampling Geometry and Sinogram
- 2.5 Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning
- 2.5.1 Overview of AI development
- 2.5.2 Neural network structure
- 2.5.3 Neural network training
- 2.5.4 Recent advances in DL
- 2.6 Problems
- References
- 3 Image Reconstruction
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Intuitive Approach to Image Reconstruction
- 3.3 The Fourier Slice Theorem
- 3.4 The Filtered Backprojection Algorithm
- 3.4.1 Derivation of the filtered back-projection formula
- 3.4.2 Computer implementation
- 3.4.3 Targeted reconstruction
- 3.5 Fan-Beam Reconstruction
- 3.5.1 Reconstruction formula for equiangular sampling
- 3.5.2 Reconstruction formula for equally spaced sampling
- 3.5.3 Fan-beam to parallel-beam rebinning
- 3.6 Iterative Reconstruction
- 3.6.1 Mathematics verses reality
- 3.6.2 The general approach to iterative reconstruction
- 3.6.3 Algebraic reconstruction
- 3.6.4 System modeling process
- 3.6.5 Optimization algorithms
- 3.6.6 Image quality benefit of model-based iterative reconstruction
- 3.6.7 Reconstruction speedup
- 3.7 Deep Learning–based Reconstruction
- 3.7.1 General approach
- 3.7.2 Training dataset selection
- 3.7.3 Determination of the training dataset size
- 3.7.4 Examples of DL-based reconstruction
- 3.8 Problems
- Reference
- 4 Image Presentation
- 4.1 CT Image Display
- 4.2 Volume Visualization
- 4.2.1 Multiplanar reformation
- 4.2.2 MIP, minMIP, and volume rendering
- 4.2.3 Surface rendering
- 4.3 Impact of Visualization Tools
- 4.4 Volume Visualization
- 4.4.1 Clinical utility
- 4.4.2 Hardware technologies
- 4.4.3 File format
- 4.4.4 Typical 3D printing workflow
- 4.5 Problems
- References
- 5 Key Performance Parameters of the CT Scanner
- 5.1 High-Contrast Spatial Resolution
- 5.1.1 In-plane resolution
- 5.1.2 Slice sensitivity profile
- 5.2 Low-Contrast Resolution
- 5.2.1 Factors impacting low-contrast detectability
- 5.2.2 LCD phantoms
- 5.2.3 LCD evaluation methodologies
- 5.3 Temporal Resolution
- 5.4 CT Number Accuracy and Noise
- 5.5 Impact of Iterative Reconstruction on Performance Measurement
- 5.5.1 Performance-metric-based approach
- 5.5.2 Task-based approach
- 5.5.3 Surrogate task with clinical data
- 5.5.4 Surrogate task with nonclinical data
- 5.6 Performance of the Scanogram
- 5.7 Problems
- References
- 6 Major Components of the CT Scanner
- 6.1 System Overview
- 6.2 The X-ray Tube and High-Voltage Generator
- 6.3 The X-ray Detector and Data-Acquisition Electronics
- 6.3.1 Direct-conversion gas detector
- 6.3.2 Indirect-conversion solid-state detector
- 6.3.3 Direct-conversion semiconductor detector
- 6.3.4 General performance parameters
- 6.3.5 Specific performance parameters
- 6.4 The Gantry and Slip Ring
- 6.5 Collimation and Filtration
- 6.6 The Reconstruction Engine
- 6.7 The Patient Table
- 6.8 Problems
- References
- 7 Image Artifacts: Appearances, Causes, and Corrections
- 7.1 What Is an Image Artifact?
- 7.2 Different Appearances of Image Artifacts
- 7.3 Artifacts Related to System Design
- 7.3.1 Aliasing
- 7.3.2 Partial volume
- 7.3.3 Scatter
- 7.3.4 Noise-induced streaks
- 7.4 Artifacts Related to X-ray Tubes
- 7.4.1 Off-focal radiation
- 7.4.2 Tube arcing
- 7.4.3 Tube rotor wobble
- 7.5 Detector-Induced Artifacts
- 7.5.1 Offset, gain, nonlinearity, and radiation damage
- 7.5.2 Primary speed and afterglow
- 7.5.3 Detector response uniformity
- 7.6 Patient-Induced Artifacts
- 7.6.1 Patient motion
- 7.6.2 Beam hardening
- 7.6.3 Metal and high-density object artifacts
- 7.6.4 Incomplete projections
- 7.7 Operator-Induced Artifacts
- 7.8 Problems
- References
- 8 Computer Simulation and Analysis
- 8.1 What Is Computer Simulation?
- 8.2 Simulation Overview
- 8.3 Simulation of Optics
- 8.4 Simulation of Physics-Related Performance
- 8.5 Simulation of a Clinical Study
- 8.6 Problems
- References
- 9 Helical or Spiral CT
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.1.1 Clinical needs
- 9.1.2 Enabling technologies
- 9.2 Terminology and Reconstruction
- 9.2.1 Helical pitch
- 9.2.2 Basic reconstruction approaches
- 9.3 Slice Sensitivity Profile and Noise
- 9.4 Helically Related Image Artifacts
- 9.4.1 High-pitch helical artifacts
- 9.4.2 Noise-induced artifacts
- 9.4.3 System-misalignment-induced artifacts
- 9.4.4 Helical artifacts caused by object slope
- 9.5 Problems
- References
- 10 Multislice CT
- 10.1 The Need for Multislice CT
- 10.2 Detector Configurations of Multislice CT
- 10.3 Nonhelical Mode of Reconstruction
- 10.4 Multislice Helical Reconstruction
- 10.4.1 2D backprojection algorithm
- 10.4.2 Reconstruction algorithms with 3D backprojection
- 10.4.3 Over-beaming (or over-scanning) compensation
- 10.5 Multislice Artifacts
- 10.5.1 General description
- 10.5.2 Multislice CT cone-beam effects
- 10.5.3 Interpolation-related image artifacts
- 10.5.4 Noise-induced multislice artifacts
- 10.5.5 Tilt artifacts in multislice helical CT
- 10.5.6 Distortion in step-and-shoot mode SSP
- 10.5.7 Artifacts due to geometric inaccuracy
- 10.5.8 Comparison of multislice and single-slice helical CT
- 10.6 Problems
- References
- 11 X-ray Radiation and Dose-Reduction Techniques
- 11.1 Biological Effects of X-ray Radiation
- 11.2 Measurement of X-ray Dose
- 11.2.1 Terminology and the measurement standard
- 11.2.2 Other measurement units and methods
- 11.2.3 Issues with the current CTDI
- 11.3 Methodologies for Dose Reduction
- 11.3.1 Tube-current modulation
- 11.3.2 Umbra-penumbra and overbeam issues
- 11.3.3 Physiological gating
- 11.3.4 Organ-specific dose reduction
- 11.3.5 Protocol optimization and impact of the operator
- 11.3.6 Postprocessing techniques
- 11.3.7 Advanced reconstruction
- 11.4 Problems
- References
- 12 Dual-Energy and Spectral CT
- 12.1 Intuitive Explanation
- 12.1.1 Material differentiation
- 12.1.2 Material representation
- 12.2 Theory of Basis Material Decomposition
- 12.2.1 Basis material
- 12.2.2 Projection-space material decomposition (MD)
- 12.2.3 Image-space material decomposition
- 12.2.4 Multimaterial identification and quantification
- 12.2.5 Noise
- 12.3 Generation of Derivative Images
- 12.3.1 Monochromatic image
- 12.3.2 Basis material transformation
- 12.3.3 Electron density image
- 12.3.4 Effective atomic number image
- 12.4 Data Acquisition
- 12.4.1 Energy-integrating systems
- 12.4.2 Photon-counting system
- 12.5 Clinical Applications
- 12.6 Problems
- References
- 13 Advanced CT Applications
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 Cardiac Imaging
- 13.2.1 Coronary calcium scan
- 13.2.2 Coronary artery imaging
- 13.2.3 Cardiac function
- 13.3 Interventional Procedures
- 13.4 Stroke: CT Perfusion and Multiphase CTA
- 13.4.1 Perfusion
- 13.4.2 Multiphase CTA
- 13.5 Screening and Quantitative CT
- 13.5.1 Lung cancer screening
- 13.5.2 Quantitative CT
- 13.5.3 CT colonography
- 13.6 Impact of Artificial Intelligence
- 13.7 Problems
- References
- Glossary
- Index
