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· 제목 : Genetically Engineered Crops: Interim Policies, Uncertain Legislation (Hardcover)
· 분류 : 외국도서 > 기술공학 > 기술공학 > 농업 > 농업경제학
· ISBN : 9781560229889
· 쪽수 : 432쪽
· 출판일 : 2007-03-08
· 분류 : 외국도서 > 기술공학 > 기술공학 > 농업 > 농업경제학
· ISBN : 9781560229889
· 쪽수 : 432쪽
· 출판일 : 2007-03-08
목차
- About the Editor
- Contributors
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction. Genetic Engineering of Crops: Science Meets Civil Society’s Response
- Abbreviations
- PART I. SCIENCE AND THE FUTURE
- Chapter 1. The Birth of Synthetic Biology and the Genetic Mode of Production (Sheldon Krimsky)
- Biotechnology: Evolution or Revolution?
- First-Generation Fears About Gene Splicing: Laboratory Hazards
- Emerging Industrial Sectors
- Second-Generation Controversies: Environmental Releases of GEOs
- Third-Generation Biotech Controversies: Globalization
- Conclusion
- Chapter 2. Controversy Around Terminology and Novelty: Engineered, Modified Biotechnology and Transgenics (Brian Ellis)
- The Classic Period
- Mother Nature’s Genetic Engineer
- When in Doubt, Reach for Your Gun
- The Basic Toolkit
- Choosing Targets
- Round Two
- So Many Genes, So Much Time
- Conclusions
- Chapter 3. Transgenic Crops, Agrobiodiversity, and Agroecosystem Function (Miguel A. Altieri)
- Biotechnology and the Loss of Agrobiodiversity
- Ecological Effects of Hrcs
- Ecological Risks of Bt Crops
- General Conclusions and Recommendations
- Chapter 4. Ecological Risk Assessment of GE Crops: Getting the Science Fundamentals Right (Michelle Marvier and Sabrina West)
- Environmental Risk Assessment for GE Crops
- What Can We Learn from the Longer History of Classical Biological Control?
- Conclusion
- Chapter 5. Coping with Uncertainty: The Human Health Implications of GE Foods (Paul R. Billings and Peter Shorett)
- Introduction
- Food Is a Drug
- Using Toxicology and Epidemiology to Evaluate Food Safety
- Substantial Equivalence and Its Consequences
- Nutrition
- Allergenicity
- Toxicity
- Conclusion
- Chapter 6. Future Research Tackling the Technology Divide: A Research Agenda for Crop Biotechnology (Michael Korthals)
- Introduction
- The Current State of Affairs: Crisis in Governments, Markets, Civil Societies, and Science and Agriculture
- Plant-Biotechnology and Agriculture
- Seven Persistent Ethical Problems of Biotechnology
- Research Agendas of Natural and Social Sciences (Beta-gamma Interaction): Tackling the Problems
- Conclusion
- Chapter 7. Next Challenges for Crop GE: Maturing of Governance and Moves Beyond Food Issues (Iain E. P. Taylor)
- Introduction
- What Can Plants Do For Us?
- The Environmental Failure
- The Industrial Incentive
- The Regulatory Future
- Aquaculture
- Forestry
- Environmental Remediation
- PART II. ISSUES IN CURRENT GOVERNANCE
- Chapter 8. A Precautionary Framework for Biotechnology (Katherine Barrett and Conrad G. Brunk)
- Introduction
- The Debate About the Precautionary Principle
- Burden of Proof
- Standards of Safety
- Conclusion
- Chapter 9. The Precautionary Principle and Biotechnology: Guiding a Public Interest Research Agenda (Carolyn Raffensperger)
- Introduction
- The Precautionary Principle
- Ethics
- Precautionary Research: A New Social Contract
- Public Money for Private Interest
- Public Interest Research
- Local to Global
- Legal Challenges
- Chapter 10. Trade, Science, and Canada’s Regulatory Framework for Determining the Environmental Safety of GE Crops (Elisabeth A. Abergel)
- Regulatory and Economic Uncertainty
- Market Disputes
- Canada’s Risk-Based Approach
- Herbicide-Tolerant Canola
- Scientific Uncertainty and the Canadian Regulatory Framework
- International Trade and Regulatory Harmony
- Smart Regulations
- Precaution and Science-Based Regulations
- Conclusion
- Chapter 11. Principles Driving U.S. Governance of Agbiotech (Kathleen A. Merrigan)
- Principle 1: No “Special Treatment”
- Principle 2: Invest in Research and Education
- Principle 3: Strong Property Rights
- Future Governance
- Conclusion
- Chapter 12. Biotechnology Policy in the European Union (Armin Spök)
- Introduction
- Europe versus the European Union
- The Limited Importance of EE R&D Policy
- Overall Regulatory Approach
- Risk Assessment and Decision Making
- Directive 90/220/EEC—The Shortcomings of a Harmonization Tool
- Diverging Framings in GEO Risk Assessments
- European Publics: Reluctance and Diverging Attitudes Toward Biotechnology
- The New Regulatory Regime
- Conclusions
- Chapter 13. Regulatory Regimes for GE Crops in Africa (Jennifer A. Thomson)
- South Africa
- Kenya
- Egypt
- Other Countries
- Chapter 14. GEO Research and Agribusiness in Brazil: Impact of the Regulatory Framework (Marília Regini Nutti, Maria José Amstalden Sampaio, and Edson Watanabe)
- Introduction
- The Brazilian Legal Framework for GM Crops
- Embrapa’s Biosafety Network
- The Soybean Saga
- The Labeling Decree No. 4680
- The Cartagena Protocol
- Current GEO Labeling Legislation in Brazil
- Food Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Foods
- Environmental Impacts
- Final Considerations
- Chapter 15. Toward a Liability and Compensation Regime Under the Biosafety Protocol (Kristen Dawkins and Josh DuBois)
- Introduction
- Suggestions for the Development of Biosafety Liability Rules
- Damage that Should be Recoverable
- Remedies
- Conclusion
- PART III. CHALLENGES TO CIVIL SOCIETY
- Chapter 16. Public Spheres Pushing for Change: Public Participation in the Governance of GE Crops (Simon Joss)
- Introduction
- Genealogy of Public Debate
- Participation as Governance
- Institutional Arenas of Participatory Governance
- Extrainstitutional Arenas of Participatory Governance
- Conclusions
- Chapter 17. Risky Delusions: Misunderstanding science and Misperforming Publics in the GE Crops Issue (Brian Wynne)
- Introduction
- Objects of Confusion—and Provocation
- Risk Assessment and Excluded Dimensions of “Uncertainty”
- From “Unknown Unknowns” to Known Uncertainties: A Tacit Culture of Control
- Confusions of Meaning: Constructing the Public by “Listening” to It
- Constructed Risk: Performing “Publics” and Externalizing Responsibility
- Conclusions: A Learning Science?
- Index
- Reference Notes Included
