Restoration of Contaminated Aquifers: Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Compounds, Second Edition (Hardcover, 2)

INTRODUCTIONThe Nature of HydrocarbonsUnderstanding the Subsurface EnvironmentEvaluation and Development of a Remediation StrategyThe Role of the GeologistThe Role of the EngineerThe Role of the RegulatorReferencesREGULATORY FRAMEWORKIntroductionResource, Conservation and Recovery ActComprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability ActDepartment of TransportationClean Water ActSafe Water Drinking ActSpecific State ProgramsReferencesRISK-BASED CORRECTIVE ACTIONSUBSURFACE HYDROGEOLOGIC CHARACTERIZATIONIntroductionGeologic CharacterizationSedimentary Sequences and Facies ArchitectureStructural Style and FrameworkHydrogeologic CharacterizationRegional Hydrogeologic ConsiderationsSite-Specific Hydrogeologic ConsiderationsPumping StrategiesReferencesHYDROCARBON CHEMISTRYIntroductionHydrocarbon TypesTransformation ProcessesDegradation ProcessesReferencesGEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION (FORENSIC FINGERPRINTING)IntroductionAPI GravityTrace Metals AnalysisGas ChromatographyIsotope AnalysisSource Determination TechniquesAge Determination TechniquesReferencesFATE AND TRANSPORT PROCESSESIntroductionSubsurface ProcessesOccurrence and Flow of Immiscible LiquidsCapillary Fringe InteractionsSaturated ZoneNONAQUEOUS PHASE LIQUID CHARACTERIZATIONIntroductionPlume and Pool GeometryNAPL PropertiesActual vs. Apparent Thickness DeterminationVolume DeterminationRecoverabilityRelative Time Frames for RecoveryReferencesREMEDIAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR NAPLSIntroductionPassive SystemsActive SystemsNatural AttenuationCoproduced Water Handling ConsiderationsOther TechnologiesReferencesDISSOLVED HYDROCARBONS IN GROUNDWATER REMEDIAL TECHNOLOGIESIntroductionPump-and-TreatAir StrippingAir SpargingBiospargingNatural AttenuationOther TechnologiesReferencesCOPRODUCED WATER HANDLINGIntroductionOil/Water SeparationInorganics Removal Organics RemovalTreatment TrainsCost Comparison (Case Study)Disposal OptionsReferencesHYDROCARBON IMPACTED IN-SITU SOIL REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIESIntroductionEncapsulationVapor ExtractionAir SpargingSteam Injection and StrippingSoil WashingBioventingBioremediationNatural AttenuationOther TechnologiesReferencesSITE CLOSURE CONSIDERATIONSIntroductionNatural Attenuation vs. No Further ActionParameters for EvaluationWell Abandonment and DestructionReferencesECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONSIntroductionImpacted Soil ConsiderationsNAPL ConsiderationsDissolved Hydrocarbons in Groundwater ConsiderationsReferencesCASE HISTORIESIntroductionVacuum-Enhanced Suction-Lift Well-Point SystemRope Skimming SystemCombined One- and Two-Pump System with ReinjectionNatural AttenuationReferencesCONCLUSIONAppendix A: Glossary of Pertinent Technical and Regulatory TermsAppendix B: Tabulation of Specific Gravity vs. API GravityAppendix C: Tabulation of Viscosity ConversionsAppendix D: Tabulation of Viscosity and Specific Gravity of Common Petroleum Products