Land Application of Sewage Sludge and Biosolids (Hardcover)

Land Application of Biosolids: A Prospective
Introduction
Use and Disposal of Sewage Sludge and Biosolids
Systems for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge and Biosolids
History of Land Application of Sewage Sludge and Biosolids
Wastewater Treatment and Biosolids Production
Conclusion
References

Sewage Sludge and Biosolids' Characteristics
Introduction
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Trace Elements, Heavy Metals, and Micronutrients
Organic Compounds
Acidity (pH)
Plant Nutrients
Biological Properties
Microbiological
Organic Matter
Conclusion
References

Plant Nutrients
Introduction
Nitrogen
Ammonification
Nitrification
Immobilization
Denitrification
Volatilization
Mineralization
Phosphorus
Potassium
Micronutrients
Conclusion
References

Trace Elements: Heavy Metals and Micronutrients
Introduction
Sources of Trace Elements, Heavy Metals, and Micronutrients in the Environment
Trace Elements in Biosolids
Trace Elements in Animals, Humans, Soils and Plants
Arsenic (As)
Animals and Humans
Soils
Plants
Cadmium (Cd)
Animals and Humans
Soil
Plants
Chromium (Cr)
Animals and Humans
Soils
Plants
Copper (Cu)
Animals and Humans
Soils
Plants
Lead (Pb)
Animals and Humans
Soils
Plants
Mercury (Hg)
Animals and Humans
Soils
Plants
Molybdenum (Mo)
Animals and Humans
Soils
Plants
Nickel (Ni)
Animals and Humans
Soil
Plants
Selenium (Se)
Soil
Plants
Zinc (Zn)
Animals and Humans
Soil
Plants
Conclusion
References

The Effect of Sewage Sludge and Biosolids on Uptake of Trace Elements and Reactions in Soil
Introduction
Plant Uptake of Heavy Metals
Reactions and Movement in Soils
Conclusion
References

Organic Chemicals
Introduction
Fate of Toxic Organic Compounds when Biosolids are Land Applied
Photodecomposition
Degradation
Plant Uptake of Organic Compounds
Conclusion
References

Pathogens in Wastewater and Biosolids
Introduction
Pathogens in Wastewater, Sludge and Biosolids
Removal of Pathogens by Wastewater Treatment Processes
Effect of Biosolids Treatment
Aerobic Digestion
Anaerobic digestion
Composting
Heat Drying
Alkaline stabilization
Conclusion
References

Pathogens in Soils and on Plants
Introduction
Pathogens in Soils
Bacteria
Viruses
Parasites
Pathogens on Plants
Conclusion
References

Land Application: Agricultural Crop Responses
Introduction
Agronomic Crops
Research Results Prior to 1970
Research Results 1970 to 2001
Forestry and Reclamation
Forestry
Reclamation
Conclusion
References

Effect of Land Application of Biosolids on Animals and Other Organisms
Introduction
Animals
Domestic
Wildlife
Microbial
Earthworms
Conclusion
References

Regulations
Introduction
Concepts and Approaches to Regulations
United States
Method I. 185
Method II.
Class A Requirements
Process Requirements
Alternative 1. Thermally Treated Sewage Sludge
[(503.32(a)(3)] 1
Alternative 2. Sewage Sludge Treated in a High pH-temperature Process (Alkaline Treatment) [503.329(a) (94)]
Alternative 3. Sewage Sludge Treated in Other Processes [503.32(a)(5)]
Alternative 4. Sewage Sludge Treated in Unknown Processes [503.31(a)(6)].
Alternative 5. Use of Process to Further Reduce Pathogens (PFRP) [503.32(a)(7)]
Alternative 6. Use of a Process Equivalent to PFRP [503.32(a)(8)]
Class B Requirements
Canada
Europe
Conclusion
References