Managed Pressure Drilling (Hardcover)

Preface


Contributors


List of Abbreviations


Chapter 1 The Why and Basic Principles of Managed Well-Bore Pressure


About This Chapter


1.1 Introduction to Managed Pressure Drilling and Some Definitions


1.2 History


1.2.1 Old Ideas Made New


1.2.2 New Ideas


1.3 Advantages and Methods of Managed Pressure Drilling


1.3.1 An Adaptive Process


1.3.2 Extending the Casing Points


1.3.3 Lost Circulation


1.3.4 Well Kicks


1.3.5 Differentially Stuck Drill Pipe


1.3.6 Deepwater Drilling


1.4 Basic Mathematical Ideas behind MPD


1.4.1 Bottom-Hole Pressure Calculations with Liquids


1.4.2 Expansion (or Compression) of a Gas Bubble with No Fluid Flow


1.4.3 Ideal Gas Law


1.4.4 Strong?White Equation


1.4.5 The Effect of Annular Pressure Loss on Bubble Size


1.5 Basic Well Control


1.5.1 Driller’s Method of Well Control


1.5.2 Wait and Weight Method of Well Control


1.5.3 Basic Well-Control Formulas


1.5.4 Lag Time?Choke to Bottom of the Hole or Choke to Standpipe


1.6 Pore Pressure


1.7 Overburden Pressure


1.8 Rock Mechanics


1.8.1 Fracture Pressure


1.8.2 Well-Bore Ballooning and the Leak-off Test


Questions


References


Answers


Chapter 2 Situational Problems in MPD


About This Chapter


2.1 Introduction


2.2 ECD Manipulation?Pore Pressure and Fracture Pressure Convergence


2.2.1 Chokes


2.2.2 Pumps


2.2.3 Pipe Movement


2.2.4 "Ballooning"


2.2.5 Precision


2.2.6 Well Control


2.2.7 Lag Time


2.3 Total Lost Circulation


2.4 Deepwater Marine Drilling


2.4.1 The Problem in the Surface Hole


2.4.2 Excessive Casing Strings


2.4.3 U-Tube Effect in Riserless or Limited Riser Operations


2.4.4 Hydrostatic Control Valve


2.4.5 Annular Pressure Changes (ECD Problems)


2.4.6 Well-Bore Ballooning


2.4.7 Well Control


2.5 Connections and Trips


2.6 Annular Pressure Loss and Hydraulics


2.6.1 Equivalent Circulating Density


2.6.2 Historical Calculation of the ΔP in APL


2.6.3 Annular Pressure Loss Calculations


2.6.4 Hydraulics Equations


2.6.5 Annular Frictional Pressure Loss Calculation, ΔPa


2.7 The Effect of Pipe Movement


2.7.1 Pipe Movement Changes the Bottom-Hole Pressure


2.7.2 Estimating Pressure Surge and Swab


Questions


References


Answers


Chapter 3 Constant Bottom-Hole Pressure with Pressure as a Primary Control


About This Chapter


3.1 Introduction


3.2 Pressure Control


3.3 Constant-BHP Choke Systems


3.4 Operational Considerations


3.5 DAPC System Description


3.5.1 DAPC Choke Manifold


3.5.2 DAPC Back-Pressure Pump


3.5.3 Integrated Pressure Manager


3.5.4 Case Study


Questions


References


Answers


Chapter 4 MPD with Flow Measurement as the Primary Control


About This Chapter


4.1 Description of the Process


4.2 Special Drilling Equipment


4.2.1 Circulation Path


4.2.2 Rotating Control Device


4.2.3 Drilling Manifold


4.3 Real-Time Data Acquisition and Control


4.4 Drilling Applications


4.4.1 Standard Approach


4.4.2 Special Systems Approach


4.5 Case Histories


Questions


References


Answers


Chapter 5 Continuous Circulation System


About This Chapter


5.1 Introduction


5.2 The System


5.3 Development


5.4 Control System


5.5 Applications


5.6 Operation


5.7 Well Planning


5.8 Records and Reporting


5.9 Case History


5.10 Safety


Questions


References


Answers


Chapter 6 A Simplified Approach to MPD


About This Chapter


6.1 Introduction


6.2 Discussion


6.3 A Simplified Approach


6.4 Implementation


6.5 Conclusion


Questions


References


Answers


Chapter 7 Mud Cap Drilling


About This Chapter


7.1 History of Mud Cap Drilling


7.2 Pressurized Mud Cap


7.3 Floating Mud Cap


7.4 Mud Cap Operation


7.4.1 Mud Cap Drilling


7.4.2 Mud Cap Tripping


7.5 Pressurized Mud Cap Operation


7.5.1 Pressurized Mud Cap Drilling


7.5.2 Pressurized Mud Cap Tripping


7.6 Conclusion


Questions


References


Answers


Chapter 8 Dual-Gradient Drilling


About This Chapter


8.1 Introduction


8.2 Problems Associated with Conventional Riser Systems in Deep Water


8.3 AGR Riserless Mud Return System


8.3.1 Introduction


8.3.2 Primary Uses


8.3.3 Equipment


8.3.4 Operation


8.3.5 Critical Issues


8.3.6 Summary


8.4 AGR Dual-Gradient System


8.4.1 Introduction


8.4.2 Primary Uses


8.4.3 Equipment


8.4.4 Operation


8.4.5 Critical Issues


8.4.6 Summary


8.5 Subsea Mud-Lift Drilling System (Joint Industry Project)


8.5.1 SMD Equipment


8.5.2 The U-Tube Phenomenon with DGD


8.6 Dual-Gradient Well Control


8.6.1 Recording Prekick Information


8.6.2 Kick Detection


8.6.3 Dynamic Shut-in of the DGD System


8.6.4 Kick Circulation


8.7 Additional Comments


8.8 Examples


Questions


References


Answers


Chapter 9 Equipment Common to MPD Operations


About This Chapter


9.1 Rotating Control Devices and Rotating Annular Preventers


9.1.1 Rotating Control Devices (Passive Systems)


9.1.2 Rotating Annular Preventors (Active Systems)


9.1.3 Comments on the Use of Active or Passive Systems


9.1.4 Rotating Control Devices on Risers


9.2 Chokes


9.2.1 Power Choke


9.2.2 Swaco Super Choke


9.2.3 Swaco Auto Super Choke


9.3 Drill-Pipe Nonreturn Valves


9.3.1 Basic Piston-Type Float


9.3.2 Hydrostatic Control Valve


9.3.3 Inside BOP (Pump-Down Check Valve)


9.3.4 Retrievable NRV or Check Valve (Weatherford)


9.4 Down-Hole Annular Valves


9.4.1 Casing Isolation Valve


9.4.2 Drilling Down-Hole Deployment Valve


9.4.3 Quick Trip Valve


9.5 ECD Reduction Tool


9.5.1 Unique Considerations


9.5.2 Advantages


9.5.3 Challenges


9.5.4 Description


9.6 Coriolis Flowmeter


9.7 Disc Pump (Friction Pump)


Questions


References


Answers


Chapter 10 MPD Candidate Selection


About This Chapter


10.1 Introduction


10.2 Candidate Selection and Feasibility Study


10.3 What is MPD Candidate Selection?


10.4 Steps Involved in Candidate Selection


10.4.1 Purpose of the Study


10.4.2 Procurement of Information


10.4.3 Hydraulic Analysis


10.4.4 Method Selection


10.4.5 Viability of the Option


10.4.6 Equipment


10.4.7 HAZOP and HAZID (Optional)


10.5 Examples


10.5.1 CBHP


10.5.2 Dual-Gradient SMD


Questions


Answers


Appendix A Rock Mechanics


A.1 Stress and Strain (Elastic and Nonelastic Deformation)


A.2 Horizontal and Vertical Rock Stress


Appendix B Rheology


B.1 Introduction


B.2 Shear Stress and Shear Rate


B.3 Newtonian Model


B.4 Non-Newtonian Model


B.4.1 Bingham Plastic Model


B.4.2 Power Law Model


B.4.3 API (Recommended Practice 13D, 2003) Model


B.4.4 Herschel?Bulkley Model


References


Appendix C Useful Conversion Factors


Appendix D IADC Well Classification System for Underbalanced Operations and Managed Pressure Drilling


Appendix E IADC Underbalanced and Managed Pressure Drilling Guidelines?HSE Planning Guidelines


Appendix F IADC UB and MPD Glossary


Index