Covert Modality in Non-Finite Contexts (Hardcover)

Contents Acknowledgements iv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Dissertation Outline and Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2.1 Chapter 2: The Syntax of Infinitival Relatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2.2 Chapter 3: Non-Modal Infinitival Relative Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.3 Chapter 4: The Distribution and Interpretation of Infinitival Questions 6 1.2.4 Chapter 5: Ability Modals and their Actuality Entailments . . . . . . 8 2 The syntax of Infinitival Relatives 9 2.1 Subject infinitival relatives as Reduced Relatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2 Non-subject Infinitival Relatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.3 The Modality of Infinitival Relatives and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.3.1 Proposal for Object Infinitival Relatives and Infinitival Questions . . 15 2.3.2 Proposal for Subject Infinitival Relatives and Infinitival Questions . . 16 2.4 Structures for Reduced Relatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.4.1 Kayne (1994)'s proposal for Reduced Relatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.4.1.1 Kayne (1994)'s general proposal for Relative Clauses . . . . 17 2.4.1.2 Kayne (1994)'s proposal for Reduced Relatives . . . . . . . 18 2.5 Arguments for a Raising Analysis of Relative Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.5.1 The Candidates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.5.2 The Argument from 'Idioms' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 x 2.5.2.1 A related argument from Subcategorization . . . . . . . . . 23 2.5.3 The argument from Binding Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.5.4 Amount Relatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.5.5 Scope Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.5.6 Lower Readings of Adjectival Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.6 My proposal for Reduced Relatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.6.1 Version 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.6.2 On the nature of Direct Predication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.6.3 Version 2: Accommodating Reconstruction into Reduced and Finite Relatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.6.3.1 A comparison with Sauerland (1998) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.6.4 Reduced Relatives and Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.6.5 Interpreting the New Proposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3 Non-Modal Subject Infinitival Relatives 42 3.1 Properties of Non-modal Infinitival Relatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.1.1 Non-Modal Infinitival Relatives allow for Modal Readings too . . . . 46 3.2 A Raising Relative Clause analysis of Non-modal Infinitival Relatives . . . . 47 3.2.1 Raising Analysis of Relative Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.2.2 Interpreting the Raising Analysis (for Reduced Relatives) . . . . . . . 49 3.2.3 Raising Analysis applied to Non-modal Infinitival Relatives . . . . . 50 3.3 Motivations for the Movement of Superlative est/Ordinals/only . . . . . . . 51 3.3.1 A semantics for Superlatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3.3.2 Ordinals and Nominal only: Focus Sensitivity and Analysis . . . . . 56 3.4 More on the Raising Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 3.4.1 Structural Characterization of Superlatives, Ordinals, and only . . . . 59 3.4.2 Licensing from inside the infinitival clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 3.5 A prediction: Loss of Association with Focus with Non-modal Infinitival Relatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6