Cultural and Linguistic Minorities in the Russian Federation and the European Union: Comparative Studies on Equality and Diversity (Hardcover, 2015)

Part I Languages, identities and human rights 1. Change and maintenance of Plurilingualism in the Russian Federation and the European Union by Janne Saarikivi and Reetta Toivanen.- 1.1 Plurilingualism at the Threshold of the 21st Century.- 1.1.1 Plurilinguistic Variation as an Object of Scientific Investigation.- 1.1.2 Linguistic Variation in Language Attrition and Shift Situations.- 1.1.3 Consequences of Language Loss.- 1.1.4 Language Loss-Why Should Anyone Care?.- 1.1.5 Politicizing the Minority Language Issue.- 1.2 The European Union and Russian Federation as Multilingual Regions.- 1.2.1 The Present-day Linguistic Multitude.- 1.2.2 Counting Minorities and Defining Languages.- 1.2.3 Ideological Background of the Prevailing Linguistic Situation.- 1.2.4 European Language Nationalism and its Russian Variant.- 1.2.5 New Regionalisms.- References.- 2. The Global Extinction of Languages and its Consequences for Cultural Diversity by Suzanne Romaine.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Human Rights and Linguistic Human Rights.- 2.3 Why Language Matters.- 2.4 Conclusion.- References.- 3. The Death of Languages; the Death of Minority Cultures; the Death of a People's Dignity by Theodore S. Orlin.- 3.1 Introduction: The Human Rights Dimension to the Loss of Language.- 3.2 Nationalism, Language and the Nation-state-The Political Thirst for Linguistic Purity.- 3.3 The Development of Minority Protection as a Legal Obligation.- 3.4 The Case for the Destruction of Language as an Example of "Cultural Genocide" or "Ethnocide".- 3.5 The Development of Human Rights Law as a Means of Protecting MinorityIinterests-From the Charter of the United Nations to the Creation of Treaty Monitoring Bodies.- 3.5.1 Charter of the United Nations.- 3.5.2 Universal Declaration of Human Rights.- 3.5.3 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.- 3.5.4 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.- 3.5.5 Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities (1992).- 3.6 The Protection Afforded via the European System for the Protection of Human Rights.- 3.6.1 European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (1992).- 6.2 European Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, 1995.- 3.6.3 The Helsinki Accords and the Subsequent Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe Documents.- 3.7 ILO Convention No. 169-Convention Concerning.- Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (1989).- 3.8 Conclusion.- References.- Part II Case Studies on Cultural Change and Minority Language Maintenance: 4. Obstacles and Successes by Reetta Toivanen.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The Ham in a Sandwich-Minority Activists.- 4.3 The Sorbian Minority in Easternmost Germany.- 4.4 The Sami in the Finnish Context.- 4.5 Activists and Claims for Recognition.- 4.6 Concrete Examples of Language Activism Today and Obstacles to them.- 4.7 Discussion.- References.- 5. Fallen ill in Political Draughts by Indrek Jaats.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 A Peasant Vernacular under Tsarist Rule.- 5.3 A Fluttering Takeoff-Increase in the Social Status of Komi-Permyak in the 1920s and 1930s.- 5.4 Abrupt Setbacks and Steady Decline: 1937-1989.- 5.5 A new Beginning? 1989-2012.- 5.5.1 Demography.- 5.5.2 Ethnic Identity.- 5.5.3 The Legal Status of the Language.- 5.5.4 Fields of use.- 5.6 Concluding Remarks.- References.- 6. Finnic Minorities of Ingria by Natalia Kuznetsova, Elena Markus and Mehmed Muslimov.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Dialectal Structure and Historical Contacts.- 6.2.1 Votic.- 6.2.2 Ingrian.- 6.2.3 Ingrian Finnish.- 6.3 Present situation.- 6.3.1 Votic.- 6.3.2 Ingrian.- 6.3.3 Ingrian Finnish.- 6.4 Historical Background of the Present Situation.- 6.5 Language Maintenance.- 6.5.1 Votic.- 6.5.2 Ingrian.- 6.5.3 Ingrian Finnish.- 6.6 Conclusions.- 6.6.1 Ingria as a Whole.- 6.6.2 Votic.- 6.6.3 Ingrian.- 6.6.4 Ingrian Finnish.- References.- 7. The Challenge of Language by Lennard Sillanpaa.- 7.1 Setting f