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· 분류 : 외국도서 > 기술공학 > 기술공학 > 산업안전보건
· ISBN : 9783527330270
· 쪽수 : 406쪽
· 출판일 : 2012-05-14
목차
Preface XIX
List of Contributors XXI
1 Computational Fluid Dynamics: the future in safety technology! 1
Jürgen Schmidt
2 Organized by ProcessNet: Tutzing Symposion 2011 CFD – its Future in Safety Technology’ 5
Norbert Pfeil
2.1 ProcessNet – an Initiative of DECHEMA and VDI-GVC 5
2.2 A Long Discussed Question: Can Safety Engineers Rely on Numerical Methods? 7
3 CFD and Holistic Methods for Explosive Safety and Risk Analysis 9
Arno Klomfass and Klaus Thoma
3.1 Introduction 9
3.2 Deterministic and Probabilistic Design Tasks 11
3.3 CFD Applications on Explosions and Blast Waves 12
3.4 Engineering Methods: The TNT Equivalent 22
3.5 QRA for Explosive Safety 25
3.6 Summary and Outlook 27
References 28
Part One CFD Today – Opportunities and Limits if Applied to Safety Techology 31
4 Status and Potentials of CFD in Safety Analyses Using the Example of Nuclear Power 33
Horst‐Michael Prasser
4.1 Introduction 33
4.2 Safety and Safety Analysis of Light Water Reactors 33
4.3 Role and Status of Fluid Dynamics Modeling 36
4.4 Expected Benefits of CFD in Nuclear Reactor Safety 37
4.5 Challenges 40
4.6 Examples of Applications 42
4.7 Beyond-Design-Based Accidents 53
References 66
Part Two Computer or Experimental Design? 69
5 Sizing and Operation of High-Pressure Safety Valves 71
Jürgen Schmidt and Wolfgang Peschel
5.1 Introduction 71
5.2 Phenomenological Description of the Flow through a Safety Valve 71
5.3 Nozzle/Discharge Coefficient Sizing Procedure 72
5.4 Sizing of Safety Valves Applying CFD 82
5.5 Summary 90
References 93
6 Water Hammer Induced by Fast-Acting Valves – Experimental Studies, 1D Modeling, and Demands for Possible Future CFX Calculations 95
Andreas Dudlik and Robert Fröhlich
6.1 Introduction 95
6.2 Multi-Phase Flow Test Facility 97
6.3 Extension of Pilot Plant Pipework PPP for Software Validation 99
6.4 Experimental Set-Up 99
6.5 Experimental Results 100
6.7 Possible Chances and Difficulties in the Use of CFX for Water Hammer Calculations 106
6.8 CFD – The Future of Safety Technology? 109
References 110
7 CFD-Modeling for Optimizing the Function of Low-Pressure Valves 113
Frank Helmsen and Tobias Kirchner
References 119
Part Three Fire and Explosions – are CFD Simulations Really Profitable? 121
8 Consequences of Pool Fires to LNG Ship Cargo tanks 123
Benjamin Scholz and Gerd-Michael Wuersig
8.1 Introduction 123
8.2 Evaluation of Heat Transfer 125
8.3 CFD-Calculations 128
8.4 Conclusions 136
References 137
9 CFD Simulation of Large Hydrocarbon and Peroxide Pool Fires 139
Axel Schönbucher, Stefan Schälike, Iris Vela, and Klaus-Dieter Wehrstedt
9.1 Introduction 139
9.2 Governing Equations 139
9.3 Turbulence Modeling 140
9.4 Combustion Modeling 141
9.5 Radiation Modeling 142
9.6 CFD Simulation 144
9.7 Results and Discussion 145
9.8 Conclusions 154
9.9 CFD – The Future of Safety Technology? 154
References 155
10 Modeling Fire Scenarios and Smoke Migration in Structures 159
Ulrich Krause, Frederik Rabe, and Christian Knaust
10.1 Introduction 159
10.2 Hierarchy of Fire Models 161
10.3 Balance Equations for Mass, Momentum, and Heat Transfer (CFD Models) 162
10.4 Zone Models 164
10.5 Plume Models 164
10.6 Computational Examples 166
10.7 Conclusions 175
10.8 CFD – The Future of Safety Technology? 175
References 177
Part Four CFD Tomorrow – The Way to CFD as a Standard Tool in Safety Technology 179
11 The ERCOFTAC Knowledge Base Wiki – An Aid for Validating CFD Models 181
Wolfgang Rodi
11.1 Introduction 181
11.2 Structure of the Knowledge Base Wiki 182
11.3 Content of the Knowledge Base 184
11.4 Interaction with Users 185
11.5 Concluding Remarks 185
12 CFD at its Limits: Scaling Issues, Uncertain Data, and the User.s Role 189
Matthias Münch and Rupert Klein
12.1 Numerics and Under-Resolved Simulations 190
12.2 Uncertainties 196
12.3 Theory and Practice 199
12.4 Conclusions 208
References 210
13 Validation of CFD Models for the Prediction of Gas Dispersion in Urban and Industrial Environments 213
Michael Schatzmann and Bernd Leitl
13.1 Introduction 213
13.2 Types of CFD Models 214
13.3 Validation Data 215
13.4 Wind Tunnel Experiments 227
13.5 Summary 229
References 231
14 CFD Methods in Safety Technology – Useful Tools or Useless Toys? 233
Henning Bockhorn
14.1 Introduction 233
14.2 Characteristic Properties of Combustion Systems 234
14.3 Practical Problems 247
14.4 Outlook 256
References 257
Part Five Dynamic Systems – Are 1D Models Sufficient? 259
15 Dynamic Modeling of Disturbances in Distillation Columns 261
Daniel Staak, Aristides Morillo, and Günter Wozny
15.1 Introduction 261
15.2 Dynamic Simulation Model 262
15.3 Case Study 268
15.4 CFD- The Future of Safety Technology? 269
15.5 Nomenclature 272
References 274
16 Dynamic Process Simulation for the Evaluation of Upset Conditions in Chemical Plants in the Process Industry 275
16.1 Introduction 275
16.2 Application of Dynamic Process Simulation 277
16.3 Conclusion 293
16.4 Dynamic Process Simulation – The Future of Safety Technology? 293
17 The Process Safety Toolbox – The Importance of Method Selection for Safety-Relevant Calculations 295
Andy Jones
17.1 Introduction – The Process Safety Toolbox 295
17.2 Flow through Nitrogen Piping During Distillation Column Pressurization 296
17.3 Tube Failure in a Wiped-Film Evaporator 301
17.4 Phenol-Formaldehyde Uncontrolled Exothermic Reaction 306
17.5 Computational Fluid Dynamics – Is It Ever Necessary? 308
17.6 Computational Fluid Dynamics – The Future of Safety Technology? 309
References 311
18 CFD for Reconstruction of the Buncefield Incident 313
Simon E. Gant and G.T. Atkinson
18.1 Introduction 313
18.2 Observations from the CCTV Records 314
18.3 CFD Modeling of the Vapor Cloud Dispersion 318
18.4 Conclusions 328
18.5 CFD: The Future of Safety Technology? 328
References 329
Part Six Contributions for Discussion 331
19 Do We Really Want to Calculate the Wrong Problem as Exactly as Possible? The Relevance of Initial and Boundary Conditions in Treating the Consequences of Accidents 333
Ulrich Hauptmanns
19.1 Introduction 333
19.2 Models 334
19.3 Case Study 339
19.4 Conclusions 345
References 346
20 Can Software Ever be Safe? 349
Frank Schiller and Tina Mattes
20.1 Introduction 349
20.2 Basics 350
20.3 Software Errors and Error Handling 354
20.4 Potential Future Approaches 366
20.5 CFD - The Future of Safety Technology? 367
References 367
21 CFD Modeling: Are Experiments Superfluous? 369
B. Jörgensen and D. Moncalvo
References 371
Index 373
