Electromagnetic Noise and Quantum Optical Measurements (Paperback, Softcover reprint of hardcover 1st ed. 2000)

1. Maxwell's Equations, Power, and Energy.- 1.1 Maxwell's Field Equations.- 1.2 Poynting's Theorem.- 1.3 Energy and Power Relations and Symmetry of the Tensor.- 1.4 Uniqueness Theorem.- 1.5 The Complex Maxwell's Equations.- 1.6 Operations with Complex Vectors.- 1.7 The Complex Poynting Theorem.- 1.8 The Reciprocity Theorem.- 1.9 Summary.- Problems.- Solutions.- 2. Waveguides and Resonators.- 2.1 The Fundamental Equations of Homogeneous Isotropic Waveguides.- 2.2 Transverse Electromagnetic Waves.- 2.3 Transverse Magnetic Waves.- 2.4 Transverse Electric Waves.- 2.4.1 Mode Expansions.- 2.5 Energy, Power, and Energy Velocity.- 2.5.1 The Energy Theorem.- 2.5.2 Energy Velocity and Group Velocity.- 2.5.3 Energy Relations for Waveguide Modes.- 2.5.4 A Perturbation Example.- 2.6 The Modes of a Closed Cavity.- 2.7 Real Character of Eigenvalues and Orthogonality of Modes.- 2.8 Electromagnetic Field Inside a Closed Cavity with Sources.- 2.9 Analysis of Open Cavity.- 2.10 Open Cavity with Single Input.- 2.10.1 The Resonator and the Energy Theorem.- 2.10.2 Perturbation Theory and the Generic Form of the Impedance Expression.- 2.11 Reciprocal Multiports.- 2.12 Simple Model of Resonator.- 2.13 Coupling Between Two Resonators.- 2.14 Summary.- Problems.- Solutions.- 3. Diffraction, Dielectric Waveguides, Optical Fibers, and the Kerr Effect.- 3.1 Free-Space Propagation and Diffraction.- 3.2 Modes in a Cylindrical Piecewise Uniform Dielectric.- 3.3 Approximate Approach.- 3.4 Perturbation Theory.- 3.5 Propagation Along a Dispersive Fiber.- 3.6 Solution of the Dispersion Equation for a Gaussian Pulse.- 3.7 Propagation of a Polarized Wave in an Isotropic Kerr Medium.- 3.7.1 Circular Polarization.- 3.8 Summary.- Problems.- Solutions.- 4. Shot Noise and Thermal Noise.- 4.1 The Spectrum of Shot Noise.- 4.2 The Probability Distribution of Shot Noise Events.- 4.3 Thermal Noise in Waveguides and Transmission Lines.- 4.4 The Noise of a Lossless Resonator.- 4.5 The Noise of a Lossy Resonator.- 4.6 Langevin Sources in a Waveguide with Loss.- 4.7 Lossy Linear Multiports at Thermal Equilibrium.- 4.8 The Probability Distribution of Photons at Thermal Equilibrium.- 4.9 Gaussian Amplitude Distribution of Thermal Excitations.- 4.10 Summary.- Problems.- Solutions.- 5. Linear Noisy Multiports.- 5.1 Available and Exchangeable Power from a Source.- 5.2 The Stationary Values of the Power Delivered by a Noisy Multiport and the Characteristic Noise Matrix.- 5.3 The Characteristic Noise Matrix in the Admittance Representation Applied to a Field Effect Transistor.- 5.4 Transformations of the Characteristic Noise Matrix.- 5.5 Simplified Generic Forms of the Characteristic Noise Matrix.- 5.6 Noise Measure of an Amplifier.- 5.6.1 Exchangeable Power.- 5.6.2 Noise Figure.- 5.6.3 Exchangeable Power Gain.- 5.6.4 The Noise Measure and Its Optimum Value.- 5.7 The Noise Measure in Terms of Incident and Reflected Waves.- 5.7.1 The Exchangeable Power Gain.- 5.7.2 Excess Noise Figure.- 5.8 Realization of Optimum Noise Performance.- 5.9 Cascading of Amplifiers.- 5.10 Summary.- Problems.- Solutions.- 6. Quantum Theory of Waveguides and Resonators.- 6.1 Quantum Theory of the Harmonic Oscillator.- 6.2 Annihilation and Creation Operators.- 6.3 Coherent States of the Electric Field.- 6.4 Commutator Brackets, Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle and Noise.- 6.5 Quantum Theory of an Open Resonator.- 6.6 Quantization of Excitations on a Single-Mode Waveguide.- 6.7 Quantum Theory of Waveguides with Loss.- 6.8 The Quantum Noise of an Amplifier with a Perfectly Inverted Medium.- 6.9 The Quantum Noise of an Imperfectly Inverted Amplifier Medium.- 6.10 Noise in a Fiber with Loss Compensated by Gain.- 6.11 The Lossy Resonator and the Laser Below Threshold.- 6.12 Summary.- Problems.- Solutions.- 7. Classical and Quantum Analysis of Phase-Insensitive Systems.- 7.1 Renormalization of the Creation and Annihilation Operators.- 7.2 Linear Lossless Multiports in the Classical and Quantum Domains.- 7.3 Com