Molecular Basis of Breast Cancer: Prevention and Treatment (Paperback, Softcover Repri)

1 Epidemiological Considerations in Breast Cancer.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Geographical Influences.- 1.3 Radiation as an Etiologic Agent.- 1.4 Electromagnetic Fields.- 1.5 Environmental Pollutants.- 1.6 Reproductive Factors.- 1.7 Environmental Exposures at a Young Age that Increase the Risk of Breast Cancer.- 1.7.1 Endocrinological Milieu.- 1.7.2 Smoking.- 1.7.3 Alcohol as a Neuroendocrine Disruptor.- 1.7.4 Effect of Light on Puberty and Breast Cancer Risk.- 1.8 Conclusions.- References.- 2 The Breast as a Developing Organ.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Prenatal and Perinatal Development.- 2.3 Postnatal Development.- 2.4 Pregnancy.- 2.5 Postlactational Changes.- 2.6 The Menopausal Breast.- 2.7 Parenchyma-Stroma Relationship.- 2.8 Genetic Influences in Breast Development.- 2.9 Cell Proliferation and Hormone Receptors in Relation to Breast Structure.- 2.10 Extracellular Matrix Protein Expression in the Normal Breast.- 2.10.1 Angiogenic Index in the Lobular Structures.- 2.10.2 Elastininthe Lobular Structures.- 2.10.3 Tenascin in the Lobular Structures.- 2.11 Genomic Profile of Lobular Structures in Nulliparous and Parous Women's Breasts.- 2.12 Novel Differentiation-Associated Serpin is Upregulated During Lobular Development.- 2.13 Mammary-Derived Growth Inhibitor.- 2.14 Conclusions.- References.- 3 Endocrine Control of Breast Development.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Steroid Receptors, Cell Proliferation, and Breast Differentiation.- 3.2.1 Relationship of Proliferating and ERa-Positive Cells in the Human Breast.- 3.2.2 Cell Proliferation, ERct, and PgR Content in the Rat Mammary Gland.- 3.2.3 Biological Significance.- 3.3 Human Chorionic Gonadotropin as a Differentiating Agent in the Human Breast and in the Rodent Mammary Gland.- 3.3.1 Evidence for a Receptor for Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in Human Breast Epithelial Cells.- 3.3.2 Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Receptor in the Rat Mammary Gland.- 3.3.3 Biological Significance of the LH/hCG Receptor.- 3.4 Effect of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin on Human Breast Epithelial Cells.- 3.4.1 Effect on Protein Synthesis and In Vitro Translational Products of mRNA.- 3.4.2 Effect of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Treatment on Inhibin Synthesis.- 3.4.3 Effect of Hormones on the Proliferative Activity of Cultured Normal and Neoplastic Human Breast Epithelial Cells.- 3.4.4 Biological Significance of the hCG-Inhibin Pathway.- 3.5 Homeobox Genes' Expression and Their Modulation by Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in Human Breast Epithelial Cells.- 3.5.1 Class I Homeobox Gene Expression in Human Breast Epithelial Cell Lines.- 3.5.2 Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Modulates Expression of Homeobox Genes.- 3.5.3 Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and HOXA2 Inhibit AP-1.- 3.6 Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and Histone Acetylation.- 3.7 Conclusions.- References.- 4 The Role of Estrogen in Breast Cancer.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Sources of Estrogens in Human Breast Tissue.- 4.3 Role of Estrogens in Human Breast Proliferation.- 4.4 Estrogens in Human Breast Carcinogenesis.- 4.4.1 Receptor-Mediated Pathway.- 4.4.2 Oxidative Metabolism of Estrogen.- 4.4.2.1 Estrogen as Mutagenic Agents.- 4.4.2.2 The Mechanism by Which Estrogens Induce Mutations.- 4.4.2.3 Additional Factors Contributing to the Carcinogenic Effect of Estrogen.- 4.4.3 Estrogens as Inducers of Aneuploidy.- 4.5 Biological Demonstration That Estrogens Are Carcinogenic in the Human Breast.- 4.5.1 The Proof of Principle.- 4.5.2 The In Vitro Model of Cell Transformation.- 4.5.2.1 Transformation Effect of Estrogen in MCF-10F Cells.- 4.5.2.2 Transformation Effect of the Estrogen Metabolites.- 4.5.2.3 Role of Antiestrogens in the Expression of the Transformation Phenotype.- 4.5.2.4 Detection of Estrogen Receptors in MCF 10F-Cells.- 4.5.2.5 Evidence for a Role of ER? and Metabolic Activation of Estrogen in the Transformation of Human Breast Epithelial Cells.- 4.5.3 Genomic Changes Induced by Estrogen and Its Metabolites in Human Breast Epithelial Cells.- 4.5.4 Other Genomic Cha