Ao Asif Principles in Spine Surgery (Paperback)

1 Aims and Principles.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Stable Internal Fixation.- 1.3 Preservation of Blood Supply.- 1.4 Anatomical Alignment.- 1.5 Early Pain-Free Mobilization.- 2 Biomechanics of the Spine and Spinal Instrumentation.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Mechanical Principles.- 2.3 Mechanical Properties of Materials.- 2.4 Implant Materials.- 2.5 Principles of Surgical Stabilization.- 2.5.1 Buttressing Principle.- 2.5.2 Neutralization Principle.- 2.5.3 Tension Band Principle.- 2.5.4 Bridge Fixation Principle.- 2.6 Instrumentation Application.- 2.7 Cervical Spinal Instrumentation.- 2.8 Lumbar and Thoracolumbar Spinal Instrumentation.- 2.9 Spinal Deformity.- 2.10 Lumbar Reconstruction.- 2.11 Spondylolysis.- 2.12 Implant Failure - Biomechanics.- References.- 3 Biology of Spinal Fusions.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Local Host Factors.- 3.2.1 Host Soft Tissue Bed.- 3.2.2 Host Graft Recipient Site.- 3.2.3 Growth Factors.- 3.2.4 Electrical Stimulation.- 3.3 Sytemic Host Factors.- 3.3.1 Hormones.- 3.3.2 Host Nutrition and Homeostasis.- 3.4 Bone Graft Materials.- 3.4.1 Properties of Graft Material.- 3.5 Types of Graft Materials.- 3.5.1 Autograft.- 3.5.2 Allograft.- 3.5.3 Xenograft.- 3.5.4 Synthetic Bone Graft Substitutes.- 3.5.5 Effect of Instrumentation on the Biology of Spine Fusions.- 3.6 Conclusion.- References.- 4 A Comprehensive Classification of Thoracic and Lumbar Injuries.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Concept of the Classification.- 4.3 Classification of Thoracic and Lumbar Injuries.- 4.3.1 Type A: Vertebral Body Compression.- 4.3.1.1 Group A1: Impaction Fractures.- 4.3.1.2 Group A2: Spilt Fractures.- 4.3.1.3 Group A3: Burst Fractures.- 4.3.1.4 Common Local Clinical Findings and Radiological Signs of Type A Injuries.- 4.3.2 Type B: Anterior and Posterior Element Injuries with Distraction.- 4.3.2.1 Group B1: Posterior Disruption Predominantly Ligamentous.- 4.3.2.2 Group B2: Posterior Disruption Predominantly Osseous.- 4.3.2.3 Common Local Clinical Findings and Radiological Signs of B1 and B2 Injuries.- 4.3.2.4 Group B3: Anterior Disruption Through the Disk.- 4.3.2.5 Common Local Clinical Findings and Radiological Signs of B3 Injuries.- 4.3.3 Type C: Anterior and Posterior Element Injuries with Rotation.- 4.3.3.1 Group Cl: Type A with Rotation.- 4.3.3.2 Group C2: Type B with Rotation.- 4.3.3.3 Group C3: Rotational Shear Injuries.- 4.3.3.4 Common Clinical Findings and Radiological Signs of Type C Injuries.- 4.4 Epidemiological Data.- 4.4.1 Level of Main Injury.- 4.4.2 Frequency and Distribution of Types and Groups.- 4.4.3 Incidence of Neurological Deficit.- 4.5 Discussion.- 4.5.1 Type A.- 4.5.2 Type B.- 4.5.2.1 B1 and B2 Injuries.- 4.5.2.2 B3 Injuries.- 4.5.3 Type C.- 4.6 Conclusions.- References.- 5 Stabilization Techniques: Upper Cervical Spine.- 5.1 Posterior Wiring Techniques.- 5.1.1 Standard Technique (After Gallie).- 5.1.2 Wedge Compression Technique (After Brooks and Jenkins).- 5.2 Transarticular Screw Fixation.- 5.2.1 Standard Technique.- 5.2.2 Cannulated Screw Technique.- 5.3 Anterior Screw Fixation of Odontoid (Dens) Fractures.- 5.3.1 Standard Lag Screw Technique.- 5.3.2 Cannulated Screw Technique.- 6 Stabilization Techniques: Lower Cervical Spine.- 6.1 Posterior Techniques.- 6.1.1 Wiring Technique.- 6.1.2 Plate Technique.- 6.1.2.1 Screw Placement.- 6.1.2.1.1 Mid and Lower Cervical Spine.- 6.1.2.1.2 Upper Cervical Spine.- 6.1.2.1.3 Upper Thoracic Spine from T1 - T3.- 6.1.2.1.4 Occiput Screws.- 6.1.2.2 3.5-mm Cervical Titanium Plate.- 6.1.2.2.1 Plate Fixation in the Middle and Lower Cervical Vertebrae (C2-C7).- 6.1.2.2.2 Occipitocervical Plate Fixation.- 6.1.2.2.3 Cervicothoracic Plate Fixation.- 6.1.2.3 One-Third Tubular Plate Fixation.- 6.1.2.4 Hook Plates.- 6.1.3 Cervical Spine Titanium Rod System (Cervifix).- 6.1.3.1 Implants and Instruments.- 6.1.3.2 Occipitocervical Stabilization.- 6.1.3.3 Cervicothoracic Fixation from C2 to Th2 (as for Occipitocervical Fixation).- 6.1.3.4 Connection of the Cervical Spine Rod System to the 6