Hypertrophic Reservoirs for Wastewater Storage and Reuse: Ecology, Performance, and Engineering Design (Paperback, Softcover Repri)

I Limnology and Technology.- 1 Research and Development Policy.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Background Data.- 1.2.1 Water Scarcity and Wastewater Reuse.- 1.2.2 Wastewater Reclamation Plan.- 1.2.3 Surface Wastewater Reservoirs.- 1.3 R&D Support.- 1.3.1 The R&D Policy.- 1.3.2 Overview of the Ongoing R&D Programme.- 1.4 Results Dissemination.- 1.5 Discussion.- References.- 2 Wastewater Storage and Reuse for Irrigation in Israel.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Wastewater Treatment.- 2.2.1 Pretreatment.- 2.2.2 Treatment: Conventional Processes.- 2.2.3 Advanced Treatment.- 2.3 Sewage Treatment and Reuse in Israel.- 2.4 Main Water Reclamation Projects in Israel.- 2.5 Effect of Irrigation with Treated Sewage Effluent on Soil, Crops and Environment.- References.- 3 Health and Treatment Requirements for Wastewater Irrigation.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 The Development of Wastewater Recycling and Reuse.- 3.2.1 Early Major Wastewater Irrigation Projects.- 3.2.2 Present Status of Interest in Wastewater Recycling and Reuse.- 3.3 Public Health Risks Associated with Wastewater Irrigation.- 3.3.1 Pathogenic Microorganisms in Wastewater.- 3.3.2 Survival of Pathogens in the Environment.- 3.3.3 Proposed Model to Predict the Relative Effectiveness of Pathogens in Causing Infections Through Wastewater Irrigation.- 3.4 Evaluation of the Epidemiological Evidence of Human Health Effects Associated with Wastewater Irrigation.- 3.4.1 Early Microbial Guidelines for Wastewater Irrigation Lack Epidemiological Basis.- 3.4.2 Population Groups Consuming Vegetables and Salad Crops Irrigated with Raw Wastewater.- 3.4.3 Health Effects among Sewage Farm Workers.- 3.4.4 Health Effects among Population Groups Residing Near Wastewater-Irrigated Fields.- 3.4.5 Reduction in Negative Health Effects by Wastewater Treatment.- 3.4.6 Implications for Developing Countries.- 3.5 Evaluating Health Guidelines for Recycling Wastewater in Agriculture.- 3.5.1 Scientific, Historical, and Social Influences.- 3.5.2 The Engelberg Report and the New WHO Guidelines.- 3.5.3 The USEPA/USAID Recommended Wastewater Reuse Guidelines.- 3.5.4 A Risk Assessment/Cost-Effectiveness Approach for Comparing the Various Guidelines.- 3.6 Reduction of Health Risks by Various Agronomic Technics.- 3.6.1 Restricting Crops.- 3.6.2 Modification and Control of Irrigation Techniques.- 3.7 Appropriate Low-Cost Methods of Wastewater Treatment for Irrigation.- 3.7.1 Goals of Wastewater Treatment for Recycling and Reuse in Irrigation.- 3.7.2 Interseasonal Wastewater Stabilisation/Storage Reservoirs.- 3.7.3 Advantages of Centrally Managed, Engineered Environmental Interventions.- References.- 4 Empirical Data for Monitoring and Control.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Materials and Methods.- 4.3 Results.- 4.4 Discussion.- 4.5 Conclusions.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 5 Process Design and Operation.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.1.1 Water Demand for Irrigation in Israel and the Hydrological Cycle in the Reservoirs.- 5.1.2 Basic Concepts in Designing Wastewater Reservoirs.- 5.2 Basic Operational Regimes and Water Demand Curves for Irrigation.- 5.3 The 'Old' Continuous-Flow Single Reservoirs.- 5.3.1 Volume and Depth.- 5.3.2 Outlet and Inlet Location.- 5.3.3 The Hydraulics of Continuous-Flow Wastewater Reservoirs as Reactors.- 5.3.4 MRT and PFE in Continuous-Flow Wastewater Reservoirs.- 5.3.5 Calculating Surface Organic Loading.- 5.3.6 Performance and Limitations of the Continuous-Flow Reservoirs.- 5.3.7 The Removal of Coliforms.- 5.4 The New Sequential Batch Reservoirs.- 5.4.1 Example I. Batch Operation During Winter.- 5.4.2 Example II. Batch Operation During Spring.- 5.4.3 Several Reservoirs Working in Sequential Batch.- 5.5 Maximum Organic Loading.- 5.5.1 Mean Surface Organic Loading.- 5.5.2 Increasing the Surface Organic Loading.- 5.5.3 Shocks of High Organic Loading.- 5.6 The Tools for Design.- 5.7 Control and Monitoring.- 5.7.1 Sampling.- 5.7.2 Data Analysis.- References.-