Analytical Supercritical Fluid Extraction (Paperback, Softcover Repri)

1 Preliminary Operations of the Analytical Process.- 1.1 Analytical Chemistry Today.- 1.2 The Analytical Process.- 1.3 Preliminary Operations of the Analytical Process.- 1.3.1 Basic Features.- 1.3.2 Most Common Steps.- 1.3.3 Recent Developments.- 1.4 Analytical Separation Techniques.- 1.4.1 Objectives.- 1.4.2 Classifications.- 1.4.3 Continuous Separation Techniques.- 1.5 Extraction Systems in Analytical Chemistry.- 1.6 Analytical Leaching Methodologies.- 1.7 Ideal Features of an Analytical Leaching System.- 1.8 Supercritical Fluids and Analytical Chemistry.- References.- 2 Physico - Chemical Properties of Supercritical Fluids.- 2.1 Definition of Supercritical Fluid.- 2.2 Physical Properties of Supercritical Fluids.- 2.2.1 Properties at or near the Critical Point.- 2.2.2 Properties of the Supercritical Region.- 2.2.2.1 Density.- 2.2.22 Diffusivity.- 2.2.2.3 Viscosity.- 2.2.2.4 Dielectric Constant.- 2.3 Binary Systems.- 2.4 Polarity.- 2.4.1 The ? Polarizability/Polarity Scale.- 2.5 Reactions in or with Supercritical Fluids.- 2.5.1 Reactions in Supercritical Fluids.- 2.5.1.1 Influence of Pressure on the Reaction Rate.- 2.5.1.2 Catalytic Effects.- 2.5.1.3 Supercritical Water as an Exceptional Reaction Medium.- 2.5.1.4 Enzymatic Reactions in Supercritical Fluids.- 2.5.2 Reactions with Supercritical Fluids.- 2.6 Other Properties of Supercritical Fluids.- 2.7 General Applications of Supercritical Fluids.- 2.7.1 Industrial Processes.- 2.7.1.1 Supercritical Fluids in the Food Industry.- 2.7.1.2 Polymer Processing with Supercritical Fluids.- 2.7.2 Processing of Heavy Hydrocarbons.- 2.7.3 Analytical Applications of Supercritical Fluids.- 2.7.4 Waste Detoxification with Supercritical Fluids.- 2.7.5 Other Applications of Supercritical Fluids.- References.- 3 Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Supercritical Fluid Extraction.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Foundation of Leaching.- 3.3 Purity of Supercritical Fluids.- 3.4 Solubility in Supercritical Fluids.- 3.4.1 Solubility Measurements in Supercritical Fluids.- 3.4.2 Solubility and Chemical Structure.- 3.4.2.1 Hydrocarbons.- 3.4.2.2 Hydroxyl Compounds.- 3.4.2.3 Carboxylic Acids.- 3.4.2.4 Ethers.- 3.4.2.5 Esters.- 3.4.2.6 Aldehydes.- 3.4.2.7 Nitrogen-Containing Compounds.- 3.4.3 The Solubility Parameter.- 3.4.4 Theoretical Models.- 3.4.5 Influence of Cosolvents on Solubility: the Entrainer Effect.- 3.4.5.1 Clustering.- 3.4.5.2 Effect of the Cosolvent on Selectivity.- 3.4.6 Entrainer Effect of a Second Solute.- 3.4.7 Solubility near a UCEP.- 3.5 Transport Phenomena.- 3.5.1 Desorption of Adsorbed Species.- 3.5.2 Diffusion in the Solid.- 3.5.2.1 The Spherical Model.- 3.5.2.2 The Infinite Slab Model.- 3.6 Factors Influencing Supercritical Leaching.- 3.6.1 Properties of the Supercritical Fluid.- 3.6.2 Properties of the Solid.- 3.6.3 Properties of the Solute.- 3.6.4 Presence of a Modifier.- 3.6.5 Additives.- 3.6.6 Derivatization.- 3.6.7 Temperature.- 3.6.8 Dynamic Factors.- References.- 4 The Analytical-Scale Supercritical Fluid Extractor.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The Supercritical Fluid Extractor: A Broad View.- 4.3 Basic Elements of a Supercritical Fluid Extractor.- 4.3.1 The Fluid Reservoir.- 4.3.1.1 Description.- 4.3.1.2 Connection to the Extractor.- 4.3.1.3 Functioning, Cautions.- 4.3.1.4 Measurement of the Cylinder Contents.- 4.3.2 The propulsion system.- 4.3.2.1 Single Systems.- 4.3.2.2 The Need for a Dual Propulsion System: Use of Modifiers.- 4.3.3 The Extraction Chamber.- 4.3.3.1 General Features.- 4.3.3.2 Cell Size.- 4.3.3.3 Sample Size to Cell Volume Ratio.- 4.3.3.4 Cell Geometry.- 4.3.3.5 Special Cells.- 4.3.3.6 Multi-Extraction Systems.- 4.3.3.7 Performance of Extraction Chambers.- 4.3.4 The Depressurization System.- 4.3.4.1 Types of Restrictors.- 4.3.4.2 Problems Arising from Depressurization.- 4.3.5 Collection Systems.- 4.3.5.1 Types.- 4.3.5.2 Special Collection Systems.- 4.3.6 Thermostating.- 4.3.7 Ancillary Components.- 4.4 Extraction Modes.- 4.5 Off-Line Coupled SF Extraction/Detec