노화생리학

머리말∙5

1 항상성과 노화｜13
1절 노화와 항상성 협착(homeostenosis) / 13
1) 항상성············································································································ 13
2) 변상성············································································································ 15
3) 생리적 예비 역량····························································································· 16
4) 노화와 내재 역량의 저하 ················································································· 17
2절 체온조절과 노화 / 20
1) 체온조절의 개요······························································································· 20
2) 체온의 항상성 기구························································ ································· 23
3) 열의 보존과 열생산·························································· ······························· 25
4) 열의 발산········································································································ 27
5) 온도감각과 체온조절 기능의 노화······································································· 28

2 근골격계와 노화｜35
1절 골격계 / 36
1) 골격계의 구조와 기능······················································································· 36
2) 뼈의 구조와 형성····························································································· 37
3) 뼈의 노화－골감소증과 골다공증·········································································40
4) 뼈를 튼튼하게 하는 방법··················································································· 42
2절 운동능력과 근육의 노화 / 44
1) 근육의 종류－골격근, 평활근, 심근·······································································44
2) 골격근의 수축·································································································· 46
3) 근육의 수축과 장력의 크기················································································ 47
4) 골격근의 기능과 운동에서 기타 기관의 역할························································ 48
5) 근육감소증······································································································· 52
6) 근력감소증······································································································· 56
7) 근육의 조성 변화······························································································ 57
8) 운동이 근육과 기타 기관의 기능에 미치는 효과···················································· 63

3 심혈관계와 노화｜67
1절 순환계의 구조와 기능 / 67
1) 순환계와 기타 기관과의 협동 관계 ···································································· 69
2) 순환계의 구성·································································································· 69
3) 혈압 조절········································································································ 82
4) 각 기관으로의 혈류량의 조절············································································· 88
2절. 심혈관계의 노화 / 92
1) 심장 구조의 변화······························································································ 93
2) 심장 세포의 변화······························································································ 94
3) 심장박동수의 감소···························································································· 95
4) 심장의 수축력의 약화 ······················································································ 96
5) 심장의 적응 보상과 생리적 역량의 감소 ····························································· 97
6) 동맥의 구조와 혈압의 변화··············································································· 103
7) 모세혈관의 변화 ···························································································· 104
8) 정맥의 변화 ·································································································· 105
9) 노화와 관련된 혈액의 변화··············································································· 106

4 내분비계와 노화｜109
1절 내분비계의 개요 / 109
1) 내분비계의 특징······························································································ 110
2) 사람의 내분비선······························································································ 114
2절 노화에 따른 내분비계의 변화 / 126
1) 성장호르몬과 노화··························································································· 128
2) 인슐린유사성장인자와 노화··············································································· 131
3) 인슐린과 노화································································································· 132
4) 칼슘대사와 노화······························································································ 136
5) 코티졸과 노화································································································· 138
6) DHEA와 노화································································································· 142
7 ) 성호르몬과 노화···························································································· 143

5 비뇨기계와 노화｜145
1절 비뇨기계의 구성과 하는 역할 / 145
1) 비뇨기계의 기능과 체액환경············································································· 147
2) 콩팥의 구조와 기능························································································· 150
3) 네프론은 콩팥의 기능적 단위이다······································································ 152
2절 오줌의 형성과정 / 153
1) 사구체 여과···································································································· 153
2) 세뇨관 재흡수································································································· 158
3) 세뇨관 분비···································································································· 163
4) 오줌의 농축기작······························································································ 164
5) 오줌의 저장 및 배뇨························································································ 168
3절 콩팥 생리 / 171
1) 콩팥 기능 평가······························································································· 172
2) 수분 재흡수 조절···························································································· 174
3) 나트륨 재흡수 조절························································································· 175
4) 산－염기 평형 ······························································································· 178
4절 노화에 따른 비뇨기계의 변화 / 178
1) 콩팥·············································································································· 178
2) 방광·············································································································· 181
3) 요도·············································································································· 182
5절 노화 연관 비뇨기질환 / 183
1) 만성콩팥병····································································································· 183
2) 체액 및 전해질 대사 이상················································································ 184
3) 요실금··········································································································· 185
4) 전립선 질환···································································································· 186

6 면역계와 노화｜191
1절 면역계의 개요 / 191
1) 면역계의 구성································································································· 192
2) 선천면역········································································································ 201
3) 항체매개 면역반응··························································································· 213
4) T 세포의 발달과 활성····················································································· 216
5) 세포매개 면역반응··························································································· 219
2절 노화에 따른 면역기능의 변화 / 220
1) 흉선의 퇴축···································································································· 221
2) CD4 : CD8 비율의 변화·················································································· 223
3) Naive T 세포의 감소와 Memory T 세포의 증가················································ 223
4) 사이토카인의 변화··························································································· 224
5) 점막면역(mucosal immunity)반응의 감소··························································· 225
6) 노화에 따른 선천면역반응의 변화······································································ 225
7) 노화에 따른 B 세포 수 감소············································································ 226
3절 노화와 염증반응 / 227

7 피부계통의 노화｜231
1절 피부의 노화 / 232
1) 피부의 구조···································································································· 232
2) 피부의 기능···································································································· 240
3) 피부장벽········································································································ 243
4) 피부의 노화···································································································· 246
5) 광노화의 기전································································································· 257
2절 탈모 / 263
1) 모발의 구조 및 특징······················································································· 263
2) 모발의 발생 및 성장························································································ 266
3) 모발 성장주기와 생체시계 유전자의 발현··························································· 269
4) 탈모증··········································································································· 272

8 신경계와 노화｜281
1절 인간 뇌의 구조 / 281
1) 뇌가 기능하는 방식························································································· 281
2) 정서적 뇌의 기능···························································································· 283
3) 신경세포의 역할······························································································ 285
4) 기억은 어떻게 저장되는가················································································ 287
2절 파킨슨병 / 288
1) 파킨슨병의 잠재적 원인··················································································· 289
2) 미토콘드리아 기능장애와 파킨슨병···································································· 291
3) 파킨슨병의 병독성··························································································· 291
3절 알츠하이머병 / 293
1) 알츠하이머병은 신경퇴행성질환이다··································································· 293
2) 알츠하이머병의 증상과 특징 ············································································ 295
3) 알츠하이머병의 진행은 몇 단계로 나눌 수 있다·················································· 297
4절 알츠하이머병의 원인 / 299
1) 콜린작동성 가설······························································································ 300
2) 베타아밀로이드 가설························································································ 300
3) Tau 가설······································································································· 313
4) 베타아밀로이드가 세포를 죽이는 기작 ····························································· 315
5) 미토콘드리아 기능장애····················································································· 317

9 암과 노화｜323
1절 암이란 무엇인가? / 324
1) 양성 및 악성 종양··························································································· 325
2) 암의 구분······································································································· 326
3) 암세포의 특성································································································· 329
4) 암의 원인······································································································· 331
5) 암의 진행단계································································································ 337
2절 암과 유전 / 339
1) 세포증식 억제와 관련된 유전자들····································································· 339
2) DNA 수선과 유전적 안정성에 관여하는 유전자·················································· 341
3절 암유전자 / 344
1) 세포의 암유전자는 어떻게 만들어지는가? ························································· 344
2) 암유전자가 생산한 단백질················································································ 348
4절 종양억제유전자 / 352
1) 세포증식과 세포사멸에서의 기능······································································· 352
2) DNA 수선 및 유전체 안정성에서의 기능···························································· 359
5절 노화하면서 암이 증가하는 이유 / 362
1) 암은 유전자의 변화가 축적되어 발생한다··························································· 362
2) 중장년 이후의 염증성의 미세환경이 암을 촉진할 수 있다··································· 363
3) 노화세포는 유전자 복구시스템도 약화되며 이것은 암을 촉진할 수 있다············ 364
4) 노화에 따른 면역기능의 변화가 암을 촉진할 수 있다········································· 365
6절 한국인의 암 / 365
1) 주요 암 발생 현황··························································································· 365
2) 암 사망률 현황······························································································· 369
3) 암 사망률 30년간 변동 추이············································································· 370
4) 암 생존률······································································································· 371

찾아보기 ∙374